Chapter (2)

[Audio] Multimedia fundamentals chapter 2. Multimedia Fundamentals.

[Audio] "All digital data is made up of binary values—just 0s and 1s. One byte is 8 bits, allowing up to 256 unique values. Binary can represent different types of data, like text using ASCII or Unicode, numbers, color in RGB, as well as sound and video. Since computers only understand binary, every form of media must be encoded this way.".

[Audio] "Analogue data, like sound or light, is continuous. Digital data, however, is sampled and quantized from that analogue form. The digital format is easier to store, copy, and transmit, and it's much less likely to degrade over time.".

[Audio] "Sampling is the process of measuring an analogue signal at regular intervals. For example, a common audio sampling rate is 44.1 kHz, which means 44,100 samples per second. The higher the sample rate, the better the quality—but also, the larger the file.".

[Audio] "When we don't sample enough, we get aliasing—where the signal is misrepresented, often causing distortion. According to the Nyquist Theorem, to accurately reproduce a signal, we must sample at more than twice the frequency of the original signal.".

[Audio] "Quantization maps those sampled values into a limited number of levels. For example, 8-bit quantization gives us 256 levels. The difference between the actual and the mapped value is called quantization error. Using higher bit-depth reduces this error.".

[Audio] "If the bit depth is too low, we get artifacts. Moiré patterns appear in visuals, quantization noise can be heard in audio, and posterization causes unnatural color bands in images.".

[Audio] "To save space, we compress media files. Lossless compression keeps all original data—great for PNG or FLAC. Lossy compression removes less important data, which reduces file size more, like in JPEG and MP3. But remember, that comes with a quality trade-off.".

[Audio] "All media types—text, image, audio, video—are encoded into binary formats. For example, text uses ASCII or Unicode, images use JPEG or PNG, and video uses formats like MP4 or AVI. Some formats like HTML or SVG describe how media is structured or displayed.".

[Audio] "Digital images are made of pixels—tiny dots of color using RGB, CMYK, or grayscale. The way these pixels are arranged creates the full image we see, and they're displayed on screens using raster technology like LCD or OLED.".

[Audio] "Bitmaps store color data for each pixel. They're used in photos and scanned images. File size depends on image resolution and color depth. Popular bitmap formats include BMP, PNG, and JPEG.".

[Audio] "Vectors are different—they use shapes and lines defined mathematically. They're scalable, which means they don't lose quality when resized. Perfect for logos, diagrams, or icons. Formats include SVG and AI.".

[Audio] "This slide compares bitmap and vector graphics. Bitmaps are great for realistic images, while vectors are ideal for sharp, clean visuals. Each has its strengths depending on the use case.".

[Audio] "Resolution is the number of pixels in an image—like 1920x1080. More pixels mean more detail. For printing, DPI (dots per inch) matters. Bitmaps have fixed resolution, so enlarging them reduces quality.".

[Audio] "Bitmaps are used for things like photographs or screenshots. Vectors are used for logos and signage. Often, designers combine both types—for example, a poster with a photo background and vector text.".

[Audio] "Bitmaps can show very detailed and realistic images. But they don't scale well, have large file sizes, and are harder to edit.".

[Audio] "Vectors are easy to edit, scale without loss of quality, and take up less space. But they're not suitable for detailed images like photographs.".

[Audio] "Meta graphics combine both vector and bitmap elements in one file. They're useful in things like technical diagrams or slides that include both icons and photos. Formats include WMF, EPS, and PDF.".

[Audio] "Video is made from a sequence of still images, called frames, played quickly—24, 30, or 60 frames per second. Videos can be live-action or animated. Raw video is massive, so we use codecs like MP4 or HEVC to compress them.".

[Audio] Videos are really big files — they can take up a lot of space. To make them smaller and easier to save or send, we use video compression. This means we shrink the video using tools called codecs like MP4 or HEVC. There are two ways to shrink a video: Inside each frame (like shrinking a picture). 2. Between frames (only saving what changes from one frame to the next). This helps videos play faster and take up less space.".

[Audio] "We digitize sound by sampling the waveform at regular intervals, like 44.1 kHz. The bit-depth, like 16-bit or 24-bit, affects dynamic range. Audio formats include WAV and AIFF (uncompressed) or MP3 and AAC (compressed).".

[Audio] "Text is stored using character encoding—ASCII or Unicode. Unicode supports multiple languages. Text is compact, searchable, and easy to format. Fonts and layout define how the text appears.".

[Audio] "Typography is the art of arranging text. It includes font choice, alignment, spacing, and hierarchy. Good typography improves readability and overall design—especially important in titles, infographics, and interfaces.".

[Audio] "Interactive media responds to user actions. It's created with scripting languages like JavaScript. You'll find it in games, educational content, and interactive websites—it makes the media experience more engaging.".

[Audio] "Metadata is information about your media. For example, photo resolution, camera type, or audio artist. It helps organize and search files. Standards like EXIF, ID3, and XMP define how metadata is stored.".

[Audio] "There are many tools for creating multimedia: Illustrator for vector graphics, Corel Painter for digital painting, Photoshop and GIMP for hybrid image editing. The tools vary based on the task—design, animation, or editing.".

[Audio] Thank you for your time!. THANKS!.