| PUBLIC POLICY |

[Audio] PUBLIC POLICY by Nancy H Molas. PUBLIC POLICY | PUBLIC POLICY |.

[Audio] CONTENT OBJECTIVES THEORETICAL DIMENSIONS: THE CONTEXT WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY SIGNIFICANCE OF PUBLIC POLICY.

[Audio] THEORETICAL DIMENSION THE CONTEXT Given its complexity, it is understandable that economists have employed a number of analytical frameworks to evaluate the formation and impacts of agricultural policy. It has been represented that these analytical frameworks in terms of four dimensions: incidence, mechanism design, political economic and governance structures. These four analytical dimensions can be distinguished in accordance with their imposed maintained hypotheses, or assumptions, and the type of failures that arise. Much of the literature treats the four dimensions as separable investigative pursuits..

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[Audio] The theoretical approaches that are primarily connected with public policy formulation are rational-choice theory, incremental theory, policy output analysis, political system theory, and institutionalism, group theory, and elite theory.

[Audio] Beyond wide agreement that many areas of contemporary policy making are unintelligible if processes that transcend the boundaries of individual states are not taken into account, analysts often disagree on how various 'global' and 'local' factors interact to produce policies and policy outcomes. The disagreement stems in part from the use of different analytic lenses, and specifically from the choice between 'statecentric' and 'polycentric' lenses..

[Audio] DIFFERENTIATION The terms "analytical lens" and " perspective" (which are employed synonymously) are used to emphasise that statecentrism and polycentrism are not " theories", if theories are conceived as coherent sets of hypotheses about causal and constitutive relationships between phenomena. An analytical lens is rather a set of general assumptions, which form the basis on which a number of theories can be developed. Theories based on the same statecentric or polycentric assumptions may well be pointing in opposite , a polycentric theory that assigns to multinational corporations a structurally dominant role in the global system is clearly different from a polycentric theory that expects a pluralistic balance of power between all kinds of nonstate actors. It should be stated at the outset that the relationship between the two lenses is not conceived here as intrinsically competitive. In some cases it may be fruitful to contrast theories derived from the two perspectives and compare their explanatory power in relation to certain policy cases..

[Audio] polycentric theory example. polycentric theory example.

[Audio] what is public policy?. what is public policy?.

[Audio] Public policy can be generally defined as a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives..

[Audio] in depth discussion Public policy generally consists of the set of actions— plans, laws, and behaviours—adopted by a government. Concern with the new governance draws attention to the extent to which these actions are often performed now by agents of the state rather than directly by the state. A vast number of studies offer detailed accounts of the impact of the new public management and the rise of the new governance within particular policy sectors, such as health care, social welfare, policing, and public security.

[Audio] it's structure Public policy making include some steps –getting of agenda, policy formulation, policy adoptions, policy implementation. Public policy can be studied as producing three types of policies (distributive, regulatory and re-distributive) related with decision making process.

[Audio] At the first level, policy choices— decisions made by politicians, civil servants, or others granted authority that are directed toward using public power to affect the lives of citizens. Congress members, presidents, governors, administrators, and pressure groups, among others, make such policy choices. What emerges from all those choices is a policy that can be put into action. At the second level, policy outputs—policy choices being put into action. Here, the government is actually doing things: spending money, hiring people, or promulgating regulations that are designed to affect the economy and society. Outputs may be virtually synonymous with the term program as it is commonly used in government circles..

[Audio] not all government policies are implemented by government employees. Many are implemented by private organizations or by individual citizens, and the involvement of the private sector in implementation continues to increase. We must understand this if we are to avoid an excessively narrow definition of public policy as only those programs directly administered by a public agency. A number of agricultural, social, and health policies involve the use of private agencies operating with the sanction of and in the name of government.

[Audio] SIGNIFICANCEof public policy. SIGNIFICANCE of public policy.

[Audio] PUBLIC POLICY PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN FORMING THE GUIDELINES AND PRINCIPLES OF A SOCIETY, SO THEY'RE A NECESSARY PART OF GOVERNING AND POLITICS. Since public policy is formed as a collective effort between governments, institutions, and even regular citizens, it's an important and effective way to have your voice heard. Since politicians and parties change every few years, so do the positions and views held by the majority or by those in office. Of course, politicians can be voted out and removed from power, but the public policies they uphold are more difficult to remove..

[Audio] 1] Goal-Oriented All public policies have the ultimate aim to fulfil certain goals the government has in mind. The reason for the formation and implementation of these policies is the welfare of the citizens of the nation. So the government can use public policies to implement government programs to achieve their goals. 2] Result of Government Action Public policy is the result of the collective of all government actions. So the actions and activities of all government officials collectively integrate to form public policy. The entire legal structure of our country stands on the collective actions of its representatives. From the actions of the highest judge in the land to that of lawyers and clerks forms the basis of our judiciary..

[Audio] 3] Depicts Concern of the Government Public policy is the solution to a problem the society is facing. This means the solution for the betterment of society has the sanction of the government. So it is of great importance to entrepreneurs and businessmen in a country. They need assurance that the government is looking after their concerns and economic interests as well..

[Audio] THANK YOU. THANK YOU.