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Introduction to Color. Based on “Digital Multimedia, 3rd Edition” by Nigel and Jenny Chapman Dr. Wesam Askar.
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What is Color Theory?. A system of rules for combining colors to: - Create visually pleasing mixtures - Maximize readability - Convey meaning through cultural associations.
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Types of Color Theories. - Additive Theory (Light) - Subtractive Theory (Pigment).
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Additive Theory Overview. - Black = absence of light - White = all light - Primary colors: Red, Green, Blue (RGB) - Used in TVs, theater lighting, monitors, video production.
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Subtractive Theory Overview. - White reflects, black absorbs - Primary colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow - Used in printing and painting.
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Color Schemes. Mathematical representations of color: 1. RGB 2. CMY/CMYK 3. HSB/HSI 4. YUV.
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RGB Color Scheme. - Defines color with R, G, B values - Ideal for CRT and monitors - Maps voltage to each color gun.
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CMY/CMYK Color Scheme. - Used in printing - Subtractive primaries: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow (+Black) - Inks subtract undesired colors.
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HSB/HSI Color Scheme. - Triplet values: Hue, Saturation, Brightness/Intensity - Hue: Dominant wavelength - Saturation: Color purity - Brightness: Luminance.
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Hue. - Sensation produced by light wavelength - Ranges from 0° to 360° on a color wheel.
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Saturation. - Color intensity (pure vs dull) - 100% = vivid, 0% = gray scale.
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Intensity / Brightness. - Measure of reflected/emitted light - Human eyes detect brightness better than color.
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HSB Adjustments. Example of varying: - Saturation - Brightness.
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YUV Color Scheme. - Used in NTSC, PAL, SECAM TVs - Y = brightness - U/V = color (chrominance).
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YUV Details. - Advantage: Reduced data for TV signals - Disadvantage: Limited color range on TV vs computers.
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Color Palettes. - CLUTs define pixel colors - Paint programs use palettes - 256 shades/channel = 16+ million colors.
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Palette Flashing Problem. - Switching images with different palettes causes flashing - Solutions: * Use a single palette * Fade to black/white between images.
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The Color Wheel. - Purpose: * Select complementary and contrasting colors - Describes colors by: * Hue * Saturation * Value.
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Color Wheel - Saturation. - Saturated = vivid - Unsaturated = dull - No saturation = grayscale.
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Color Wheel - Value. - Lightness/darkness of color - Represents contrast between white and black.
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Color and Visual Display. - Use color and luminance for: * Search tasks * Shape identification.
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Hue and Shape Combinations. - Fill and shape influence region recognition - Brightness aids in search and detail detection.
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Text and Background Color. - Readability is key - Best: Dark text on light background - Avoid poor contrast combinations (e.g. red-green).
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Contrast in Text. - High contrast = better visibility - Example: Black on white vs Blue on black.
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Bad Contrast Examples. - Poor contrast can cause eye strain - 'Simultaneous contrast' causes vibration (e.g., red on blue).
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Verbal Color Contrast. - Contrast highlights importance - Use strong color differences for focus areas.
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Practical Example. - Orange text box contrasts well with clothing colors - Blue text box blends in, reducing impact.
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Dithering. - Converts colors to closest match in target palette - Used in low-color environments.
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Color Dithering. - Needed when display can't support full 24-bit color - Software adjusts colors for appearance.
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Dithering Algorithms. - Colors replaced with best available matches - Quality depends on the dithering method used.