Method of analysis (2)

[Audio] Analytical Chemistry Chapter: Method of Analysis Prepared by: Sarfraz Ameer (University of Baluchistan Chemistry Department 20-24) Method of analysis Systematic procedures or set of steps used to determine the properties, composition, or concentration of a substance in a sample. It outlines the way measurements are taken and calculations are performed to obtain accurate and reliable results. Simply put, it's the organized approach scientists use to study and understand the characteristics of substances in various samples. Analyte: An analyte in analytical chemistry refers to the substance or component of interest that is being measured, identified, or quantified in a sample. It's the specific chemical or compound that the analysis is focused on. For example, if you're testing the concentration of a particular drug in a blood sample, that drug would be the analyse Sample: A small portion or representative piece taken from a larger substance or material. It's the specific portion that scientists analyse in order to understand the properties, composition, or concentration of the substance they're interested in studying. Samples are used to gather information about the larger material without having to analyse the entire bulk, making it more practical and efficient to perform experiments and tests Difference between Sample and Analyte The sample is the broader material being studied, while the analyte is the specific substance within the sample that is being analysed and investigated. For example, if you're analysing a blood sample to measure glucose levels, the blood is the sample, and glucose is the analyte of interest Technique A specific method or approach used to perform measurements, gather information, or analyse samples. It's a systematic way of conducting experiments or investigations to obtain data about the properties, composition, or concentration of substances in a sample. Essentially, a technique outlines the steps and tools required to carry out a particular type of analysis 1. Volumetric analysis: A method in chemistry where the concentration of a substance is measured by reacting it with a solution of known concentration 2. Spectroscopic techniques Spectroscopic techniques in analytical chemistry involve studying how substances interact with light to reveal information about their composition and properties 3. Electrical techniques Electrical techniques in analytical chemistry use the behaviour of electric currents or potentials to gain insights into the characteristics of substances being studied 4. Thermal method of analysis It involves studying how substances respond to changes in temperature to gather insights about their properties and composition..

[Audio] Analytical Chemistry Chapter: Method of Analysis Prepared by: Sarfraz Ameer (University of Baluchistan Chemistry Department 20-24) Manual Method of analysis In analytical chemistry, a "manual method of analysis" refers to techniques where the analysis and measurements are conducted by a person, involving hands-on steps and observations without automated or computerized assistance. Disadvantages of manual method of analysis Errors by People: Manual methods can have mistakes because people might measure or record things incorrectly, affecting the accuracy of results. Takes a Lot of Time: Using manual methods can be slow, making it hard to analyse many samples quickly. Needs Skilled People: Manual analysis requires trained experts, and if they aren't available, results might not be reliable. Results Can Vary: Different people doing the same analysis might get different results, making it harder to trust the data Limited Amount of Work: Manual methods can only handle a small number of samples, which is a problem when you have a lot of things to test. Automatic Method of analysis Automatic methods of analysis in chemistry are like using smart machines to do the work. They help scientists measure things in samples without needing to do everything by hand. This makes things faster, reduces mistakes, and lets scientists test a lot of samples quickly. It's like having a helpful robot partner in the lab Automated method of analysis Automated methods in analytical chemistry are like using machines that can work on their own. They follow instructions to test samples, measure things, and give results without needing people to do every step. This saves time, reduces errors, and helps scientists get answers from lots of samples faster. It's like having a clever helper in the lab that knows what to do Difference between automatic and automated method of analysis Automatic Method: Some parts of the analysis are automatic, but human involvement might still be needed for certain steps. Automated Method: The entire analysis process is carried out by machines or computer-controlled systems without requiring constant human presence.

[Audio] Analytical Chemistry Chapter: Method of Analysis Prepared by: Sarfraz Ameer (University of Baluchistan Chemistry Department 20-24) Automated method of analysis Automatic methods of analysis in chemistry are like using smart machines to do the work. They help scientists measure things in samples without needing to do everything by hand. This makes things faster, reduces mistakes, and lets scientists test a lot of samples quickly. It's like having a helpful robot partner in the lab Discrete method of analysis: Discrete methods in analytical chemistry are like looking at each thing separately. Instead of mixing everything together, we test one thing at a time. It's helpful when we want to study different things without them getting mixed up. It's like examining each puzzle piece on its own before putting the puzzle together. Continuous Method of analysis: Continuous methods in analytical chemistry are like watching a moving train. We test things while they are flowing without stopping. It's useful when we want to measure things in a constant stream, like checking the ingredients in a moving recipe. It's like studying a river's water as it keeps flowing FIA (Flow injection analysis) Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is an automated analytical technique where samples are injected into a continuous flow of a carrier solution that mixes with reagents or detectors. This method allows for rapid and efficient analysis of various substances, enabling quick measurements and data collection Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) in chemistry is like sending tiny samples on a liquid slide. It's a way to test many samples quickly and accurately. Imagine samples on a water slide, going through different detectors to tell us what's in them. FIA is like a fast and smart ride for analysing things in liquids Advantages of FIA 1. Fast Analysis: FIA can test things quickly, saving time in the lab. 2. Less Sample Needed: It uses small amounts of samples, so you don't need a lot. 3. Fewer Mistakes: FIA is automatic, so it makes fewer errors than people might. 4. Handles Many Samples: It can test lots of samples one after another, like a line of cars. 5. Saves Chemicals: FIA uses less chemicals, which is good for the environment and costs Instrumentation of FIA 1. Peristaltic Pump: A peristaltic pump in Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is like a gentle helper that pushes liquids through tubes. It squeezes and releases the tubes, making liquids flow without touching any machine parts. This pump's function is to move the samples and reagents through the FIA system at a controlled rate. It's like having a careful and constant stream that carries things where they need to go for analysis.

[Audio] Analytical Chemistry Chapter: Method of Analysis Prepared by: Sarfraz Ameer (University of Baluchistan Chemistry Department 20-24) 2. Reaction coil: In Flow Injection Analysis (FIA), a reaction coil is like a twisty path for samples and reagents to mix and react. It's a coiled tube where they meet and create chemical changes. The reaction coil's function is to make sure the samples and reagents mix well, so the reactions happen properly. It's like a mini-mixer for the ingredients, helping them transform into something that can be measured and understood 3. Injection valve The main job of the injection knob in Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is to control the careful putting of samples and reagents into the system. It makes sure the right amounts are used, things are mixed evenly, and the process happens automatically. This helps make sure the chemical tests are accurate and work well 4. Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) in Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a vital component in analytical chemistry, particularly in techniques like Flow Injection Analysis (FIA). PMT serves as a highly sensitive light detector that amplifies the signals produced by photon emissions during chemical reactions or interactions. In FIA, PMT plays a crucial role in quantifying the concentration of a target analyte in a sample. 5. Charta Recorder A chart recorder is a fundamental instrument used in analytical chemistry, especially in Flow Injection Analysis (FIA). It serves as a graphical data visualization tool, capturing and displaying the timedependent changes in signals produced during chemical analyses Before starting a new analysis using Flow Injection Analysis (FIA), there are two important preparatory steps: washing and optimization. Washing: This involves thoroughly cleaning all the components and parts of the FIA system. It's like giving the machine a good scrub to remove any leftover traces from previous analyses. This step ensures that there's no contamination from previous samples, which could affect the accuracy of the new analysis. Optimization: Here, we focus on getting the FIA system ready to perform at its best. This means checking and adjusting various settings, like flow rates, detector parameters, and other factors that influence the analysis. By optimizing these settings, we're making sure that the FIA system is in its prime condition, ready to give us accurate and reliable results for the upcoming analysis. Final outcome of an analysis in Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is often presented as a graph that displays peaks. These peaks represent the signals generated during the analysis and provide valuable information about the presence and concentration of specific analytes in the sample Peak In analytical chemistry, a "peak" is like a bump or a hill that appears on a graph. It shows us when something interesting or important is happening in our experiment. The size, shape, and position of the peak provide information about the substances we're studying and how much of them are present in our sample. Peaks help us understand the chemistry behind what we're testing The higher the peaks greater will be the concentration.

[Audio] Analytical Chemistry Chapter: Method of Analysis Prepared by: Sarfraz Ameer (University of Baluchistan Chemistry Department 20-24) The peak depends on the following parameters Flow rate: The flow rate's impact on peaks in Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) involves the width, height, and resolution of these peaks. Faster flow rates can lead to narrower peaks but potentially reduce peak height. Slower flow rates might result in taller peaks and improved resolution between them. Optimizing flow rate is vital for achieving well-shaped and informative peaks in FIA analysis. Sample Volume: The sample volume's influence in Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is seen in the size of the peaks on the graph. A larger sample volume leads to bigger peaks, improving sensitivity for detecting low concentrations. Careful selection of sample volume is crucial during optimization to balance peak size, sensitivity, and baseline stability, ensuring accurate and informative results in FIA analysis. Geometry of the channel: The geometry of the channel in Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) affects how the peaks on the graph look. A narrower or longer channel can make the peaks wider, less defined, or change when they show up. It also impacts how well things mix in the system, which affects the accuracy of the reactions and the shapes of the peaks. Optimizing channel geometry is important to have clear, accurate peaks in FIA analysis. Dispersion In Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) analysis, dispersion refers to the phenomenon where different parts of a sample or analyte mixture spread out as they move through the system. This can lead to the broadening or widening of peaks on the analysis graph, making them less distinct. Dispersion occurs due to variations in flow rates, channel dimensions, and interactions within the system. Minimizing dispersion is important because it helps maintain the accuracy and precision of the analysis results, ensuring that the peaks accurately represent the original signals from the analytes. Dispersion Coefficient The dispersion coefficient in the analytical method of Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) refers to a measure of how much a sample or analyte mixture spreads out as it moves through the FIA system. It quantifies the degree of broadening or dispersion of signals, which can impact the shape and accuracy of peaks on the analysis graph The greater the dispersion, the broader and less defined the peaks become. This can lead to inaccuracies in quantification and identification of analytes. Minimizing dispersion is crucial to maintain well-defined, accurate peaks, ensuring reliable and informative results in analytical chemistry.