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[Audio] Good morning, everyone. Today, we are going to discuss the physiological mechanisms of memory. We will look into its classification, the sensory registers, the forgetting curve theory, memory pathologies, and memory improvement. Let's get started!.

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[Audio] Our cognitive processes heavily rely on memory, which is composed of two stages: long-term and short-term. It involves several pathways across the human brain, wherein sensory information is initially stored in visual and auditory registers before being kept in long-term memory. Unfortunately, we all suffer from forgetting - a result of the forgetting curve theory. Though, this can be alleviated with improved memory abilities. Additionally, a variety of memory pathologies can be the cause of memory handicaps. Comprehending the physiological mechanisms of memory may be key to managing these issues..

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[Audio] Neurons making new connections and the presence of hormones released during the encoding process are now known to be responsible for the formation of memories. These hormones act as a link between neurons, enabling them to form new connections that ultimately result in a memory being encoded. This physiological approach is the foundation for how memories are formed and kept over time..

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CLASSIFICATIONs.

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[Audio] Short-term memory (SM) is an essential part of memory that functions as a temporary storage space for incoming information. It helps in processing data, recognizing patterns, and retaining information for a brief period. SM enables us to take in sensory data from our surroundings and store it as temporary memory. This data can then be used to help us make decisions and recall experiences. SM is an effective and fast method to process sensory data and facilitate us in our daily lives..

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[Audio] Short-term memory refers to the ability to retain and recall information over a short period of time. This is usually accomplished by keeping conscious and sensory stimuli in the mind for a few seconds or minutes. It can be seen as a type of working memory, providing us with the capacity to handle and save data while accomplishing other activities. This type of memory is essential for everyday activities, like jotting down notes in class or performing computations while resolving a problem. Ultimately, this data can be developed into long-term memory if it is intentionally stored through a procedure known as consolidation..

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[Audio] Long-term memory is a form of memory that allows us to store information and recall it for future use. It is largely inconspicuous, but it is possible to bring certain memories into our working memory when the need arises. Some of these memories are easy to recall, whereas others may take more effort to remember..

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[Audio] Our daily lives heavily rely on memory, so understanding the physiological aspects of it is important. Sensory memory enables us to retain information from the external environment for milliseconds to a few seconds. It is divided into two distinct types: iconic memory which stores visual cues, and echoic memory which stores auditory cues. Having these two memories helps us to take in and store environmental stimuli, so that it can be used for future decisions..

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[Audio] Sensory memory is a key element of the memory system, allowing us to save sensory data and retrieve it when needed. It is a very ephemeral type of memory as it is processed and stored in short-term memory or forgotten after a few seconds. It is also very precise as it requires the activation of certain neural pathways in the brain depending on the sense in question. Examples of this are the visual cortex in the occipital lobe for visual memory and the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe for auditory memory..

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[Audio] A discussion of the different types of sensory memory requires attention to iconic memory, the visual sensory memory register responsible for storing visual images. This type of memory is short-lived however, with information typically disappearing within half a second. Additionally, echoic memory serves as the sensory memory for incoming auditory information, with processing taking 2 to 3 seconds..

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[Audio] Memory mechanisms in our physiology are both intricate and varied. Memory is a crucial area of our brains' functionality. Different memories are encoded in distinctive formats, and this slide evaluates five of those types. Haptic memory relates to physical sensation, for example, learning by touch. Echoic memory is connected to sound, like recalling a melody we heard. Sensory memory is momentary recollection of information without processing, such as recognizing a well-known face. Iconic memory deals with visual information, such as recalling a route. Lastly, olfactory and gustatory memory are affiliated with smell and taste respectively. All of these memory types are critical to the way we process and store data in our minds..

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[Audio] Memory is a crucial part of our lives and this is true for short-term memory as well. It helps us to memorize and remember vital information for a set period of time. There are two distinct processes involved in short-term memory; encoding, which helps us register the memory, and storage, which helps us retain the memory over a certain duration. The physiological aspects of short-term memory involve certain chemicals that enable us to keep track of the memories. These chemicals play an integral role in the process of storing and retrieving memory, granting us access to the stored information when needed..

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[Audio] Short-term memory is pivotal for our daily operations as it permits us to hold information for a short span of time. This is achieved through the capacity of the brain to encode and temporarily save information. The frontal cortex, temporal lobe and parietal lobe are all involved in the brain’s capability to keep data and encode it for short-term memory, while the hippocampus is necessary in the operation of relocating information from short-term to long-term memory..

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[Audio] Neural mechanisms of short-term memory are intricate. Electric and chemical signals between neurons enable quick processing and effective storage of data. This data is held in an interim state of activation in the working memory system, which looks after and controls the information. Necessary structures for this purpose are present in the prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe. However, due to its restricted capability and period, data must be processed further to be placed in long-term memory..

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[Audio] Long-term memory involves a complex and varied set of physiological mechanisms that all come together to create pathways and connections in the brain. This network of connections is necessary for saving memories in the long-term, allowing for the easy retrieval of information when required. Our brain is able to quickly sort through large amounts of data, effectively using the pathways to access key info when it is needed..

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[Audio] Synaptic plasticity, a physiological process, is responsible for the creation and maintenance of long-term memory. This process is referred to as long-term potentiation, where communication between two neurons is strengthened, thereby allowing for the efficient storage and retrieval of information. This is achieved through repeated activation of the neural connections within certain regions of the brain..

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[Audio] Research suggests that the physiological mechanism of memory is intricate and involves various areas of the brain. Episodic memories are presumed to be held in the prefrontal cortex, while emotional memories are held in the amygdala. Additionally, the shift of information from short-term memory to the hippocampus is an integral aspect of long-term memory. In conclusion, it appears that data is stored in a scattered fashion over multiple parts of the brain..

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[Audio] Sensory inputs are processed by the brain to create a short-term memory, which is then transferred to a long-term memory where it can be stored and retrieved at a later time. Visual information is processed in the visual cortex and communicated to other parts of the brain, allowing the information to be stored permanently if desired..

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[Audio] Sensory registers are the starting point for understanding the physiological mechanisms of memory. Visual and auditory sensory registers enable the brain to recognize and interpret visual and auditory stimuli. These sensory registers temporarily capture sensory data before it is further processed or forgotten. Visual sensory register, also named iconic memory, is able to keep visual data for a short timeframe - usually, no longer than one second. Additionally, this register allows us to remember and comprehend visual objects such as shapes, colours, and movements, prior to further processing them into short or long-term memory..

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[Audio] The occipital lobe and temporal lobe of the brain are responsible for the storage of visual and auditory information respectively. Both of these sensory registers are key to allowing us to process and retain incoming sensory stimuli, such as speech, music, or other sounds. They offer a restricted span of time for the brain to process this data prior to it being forgotten or further processed. These sensory registers act as a vital link between the outside world and our minds, providing us the capacity to interpret our surroundings and form memories of them..

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[Audio] Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist, proposed a theory of memory known as the "Forgetting Curve", which suggests that the amount of knowledge remembered declines rapidly after the learning process. This is because newer memories overshadow and replace the older ones stored in the brain, leading to a decrease in retention. Ebbinghaus further proposed that memories can be reinforced by engaging in verbal rehearsal and spaced repetition..

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[Audio] Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who revolutionized the field of memory psychology in the late 19th century. He is credited with creating the concept of the "forgetting curve", which emphasizes the rate at which we tend to forget information over time. Ebbinghaus discovered that the more often we recall something, the more likely it is to be remembered long-term. His ideas have been utilized in various forms of education to improve long-term memory retention..

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[Audio] The physiological mechanism of memory affects us all and it's fascinating to consider how quickly we start to forget any new information. We experience a rapid loss of recall in just minutes, and by the next day if it was new information, we can forget up to half of it. But with review and repetition, this rate of decay slows down. After several repetitions, we remember more and more and it starts to stick. We won't remember all of it, but we start to retain more than we forget. This incredible process affects us all, but now you know more about how it works..

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[Audio] The forgetting curve hypothesizes that memory retention decreases over time when there is no effort to remember it. Play plays an essential role in how memories are formed and retained over the lifespan. The next slide will examine how play is significant for physical, emotional and educational development of a child..

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[Audio] The physiological mechanism of memory is not fully understood, but disruptions to this mechanism may result in memory pathologies, such as dementia and amnesia. Memory pathologies often occur as a result of head trauma, substance abuse, or diseases. Memory pathologies can also be caused by neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. The symptoms of memory pathologies include the inability to remember recently acquired information, difficulty in forming new memories, and the inability to recognize familiar objects or people. Treatments for memory pathologies may include medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle modifications. I would say: Memory pathologies are disruptions to the physiological mechanism of memory, resulting from a range of causes, from head trauma or substance abuse, to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Symptoms of memory pathologies can include difficulty forming new memories, an inability to recognize familiar objects or people, and an inability to remember recently acquired information. Treatment options may include medications, psychotherapy, or lifestyle modifications..

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[Audio] Amnesia is a condition that disrupts the ability of an individual's memory. It consists of a loss of memories, facts, and experiences that can have a considerable impact on someone's life. Although mild memory loss may be a natural consequence of aging, extreme memory loss or difficulty forming new memories could signal a disorder. People with amnesia may not be able to remember crucial milestones, events, people, or facts. No matter its severity, amnesia can have a considerable effect on an individual and their connections with others..

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[Audio] Regarding memory, the most frequent symptoms are impairment of short-term, or total and partial loss of all memory. Two of the most common kinds of amnesia are anterograde amnesia, which interferes with our capacity to acquire new information, and retrograde amnesia, which impairs our capability to recall past events and previously known information..

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[Audio] Memory can be significantly affected by a variety of circumstances and events. This image illustrates some of the causes of memory issues, ranging from medical problems such as seizures and head injuries, to psychological issues including Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder. It is also possible for memory to be disrupted by violent incidents such as criminal acts or a terrorist attack..

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[Audio] Hypermesia is a fascinating memory phenomenon as it is not clear whether the memory recall occurs due to chemical imbalances or a psychological phenomenon like repression of traumatic memories. Further research is needed to unravel the mechanisms of hypermnesia. " Hypermnesia is a mysterious memory phenomenon that can occur under unusual conditions. It is the enhanced faculty of remembering with unusually vivid detail. We know that it is distinct from amnesia which is a loss of memory, and has associations with near-death experiences and repression of traumatic memories. Although the mechanism of one's enhanced memory is unclear, it is likely that both chemical imbalances and psychological phenomenon contribute. To deepen our understanding further, more research is needed to uncover more insights into hypermnesia..

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[Audio] Memory is a complex system that is heavily reliant on physiological mechanisms. Mental snapshots, training your brain, and the use of technology can be utilized to remember events more effectively. Additionally, it is important to stay positive and mindful when attempting to improve memory..