The Descriptive Research Strategy

[Audio] THE DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH STRATEGY ( CHAPTER 13) Tim Pengajar MPSD 2021.

[Audio] INTRODUCTION Descriptive research  involves measuring a variable / set of variables as they exist naturally The goal: to describe a single variable or to obtain separate descriptions for each variable when several are involved. Descriptive research strategy  useful as preliminary research. The descriptive strategy is not concerned with relationships between variables but rather with the description of individual variables..

. . 3. FAKTA SEPUTAR FACTS OF THE WEEK BUNUN DIRI rneninggal akibat bunuh diri per tahun di Oleh into the light cornrnunity 20 JUTA ORANG di dunia berhasil selar-nat dari percobaan bunuh diri (iasp-info) seluruh dunia (iasp-info) DETIK terdapat nyawa hilang karena bunuh diri (iasp-info) BANYAK FAKTOR Bunuh diri TIDAK disebabkan Oleh faktor tunggal- Selalu ada peran faktor biologis- psikologis. dan sosial dalarn setiap kasus bunuh diri- (WHO. 2014) LEBIHBANYAK JUMLAH PRIA YANG MENINGGAL DIBANDING AKIBAT PEREMPUAN BUNUH DIRI (The Arnerican Foundation for Suicide P revention) TIDAK BAHAGIA Perilaku bunuh diri rnenandakan adanya ketidakbahagiaan yang roendalarn pada diri seseorang. tapi tidak selalu berarti berhubungan dengan gangguan kejivvaan..

[Audio] THREE TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH 1. The Observational Research Design ( 13.2) 2. The Survey Research Design ( 13.3). The Case Study Design ( 13.4).

[Audio] THE OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN The researcher observes and systematically records the behavior for the purpose of describing behavior. Ex: Parent- child interaction during playtime  Shopping behavior of adolescents in mall  PDA behavior among college students.

[Audio] TYPES OF OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH 1. Behavioral observation 2. Content Analysis ("observation" media) 3. Archival Research ("observation" of archive).

[Audio] 1. BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION  Direct observation and systematic recording of behavior occur in natural setting  Behaviors are naturally occurred; not disrupted or influenced by the presence of the researcher / observer.  Issue of habituation  Behaviors are recorded, categorized and analyzed  requires some degree of subjective interpretation by the researcher  In order to ensure objectivity  inter-observer reliability.

[Audio] 1. BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION In behavior observation  the need of quantifying / scoring the behavior: 1. The frequency method 2. The duration method 3. The interval method  To balance between frequency and duration method  interval method can be applied 8.

[Audio] 1. BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION When the situation are complex, researcher can sampling the behavior using: • Time sampling • Event sampling • Individual sampling.

[Audio] 3 TYPES OF OBSERVATION 1. Naturalistic Observation / nonparticipation observation 2. Participant Observation 3. Contrived Observation.

[Audio] NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION • Observe behavior in natural setting ex: children in the play ground / classroom • The researcher observe the behavior in "distant", and as unobtrusively • Limitation: time consuming, researcher have to wait until behavior occurred.

[Audio] PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION • the researcher " blends" and interacts with research participant • Limitation: time consuming, potentially dangerous for the researcher, the observer could influence behavior being observed, researcher may lose objectivity.

[Audio] CONTRIVED / STRUCTURED OBSERVATION • The researcher structures / sets up a situation that is likely produced the behavior Ex: marshmallow experiment • Limitation: the situation is less natural.

[Audio] 1A. BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION 14. . . 1A. BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION.

[Audio] 2. CONTENT ANALYSIS Content analysis involves using the techniques of behavioral observation to measure the occurrence of specific events in media ( literature, movies, television programs, or similar media) that present replicas of behaviors. 15.

[Audio] 3. ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Archival research involves looking at historical records ( archives) to measure behaviors or events that occurred in the past. 16.

[Audio] THE SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN Survey: mail; telephone; online survey, or in person Types of Questions Open-ended questions Restricted Questions Rating-Scale Questions.

. . S Urvey Type Mail Surveys Telephon e Surveys Internet surveys In-Person Surveys Strength Convenient and anonymous. Nonthreatening to participants. Easy to administer. Can be conducted from home or office. Participants can stay at home or office Efficient to administer to a large num ber of participants. Access to large number of individuals with common characteristics. Survey can be individualized based on participant's responses. Efficient to administer with groups. 100% response rate. Flexible (groups or individual interviews). Weaknesses Can be expensive. Low response rate and nonresponse bias. Unsure exactly who completes the Time consuming. Potential for interviewer bias. Initial expense for site. Sample may not be representative. Cannot control composition of the sample. Time consuming with individual interviews. Risk of interviewer bias..

[Audio] THE SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN Constructing a Survey 1. Placed demographic questions at the end of the survey, these items are considered boring. 2. Sensitive questions or items that may cause embarrassment or discomfort should be placed in the middle of the survey. 3. Questions dealing with the same general topic and same format should be grouped together. 4. The format for each page should be relatively simple and uncluttered. 5. Vocabulary and language style should be easy for participants to understand..

[Audio] CASE STUDY DESIGN Research in the behavioral sciences in general tends to emphasize to study of groups rather than single individuals  generalizing the results of the study In the field of clinical psychology more concerned with individual behavior. Research results averaged over a large group of diverse individuals may not be as relevant as the specific result obtained for an individual client..

[Audio] CASE STUDY DESIGN Involves the in-depth study and detailed description of a single individual (or a very small group). A case study may involve an intervention or treatment administered by the researcher. When a case study does not include any treatment or intervention, it often is called a case history..

[Audio] CASE STUDY DESIGN Applications of the Case Study Design  Rare Phenomena and Unusual Clinical Cases  Case Studies as Counterexamples.

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