[Virtual Presenter] Good morning, everyone. Today I am here to discuss an important issue that affects us all - the lower rate of Female Labour Force Participation in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states of India and its effect on economic growth. These 8 states have some of the most abysmal Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) in the whole of India, showing the imbalance that exists between them and the rest of India. In this presentation, I shall be examining the distinct difficulties that these states confront in terms of FLFPR and how we can strive for a more equitable and prosperous society.. 

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Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Development in Empowered Action Group States of India

[Audio] Labor force participation rate of women is a crucial indicator of a nation's social and economic growth. It reflects how a nation is moving ahead and how women are contributing to the economy. Uplifting the female labor force participation rate can have a substantial influence on economic expansion by giving women access to essential resources such as education, capital, healthcare and land. Women are imperative to the success of major development objectives, such as eradicating poverty. We must do our utmost to guarantee that women are present in all areas of the workforce.. 

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[image] A group of women in a field Description automatically generated

The female labour force participation rate is an important indicator of a country’s social and economic position as the participation of women in the labor force can act as both a catalyst and a consequence of development.

 The participation of women in the workforce is a critical factor in promoting economic growth, as it directly impacts a country's Gross Domestic Product.

 A greater percentage of women in the workforce can effectively contribute towards crucial development objectives, such as alleviating poverty and gaining access to essential resources such as land, capital, healthcare, and education.

[Audio] Women in India face a number of structural and cultural challenges that limit their access to paid employment. Data from the World Bank and the World Economic Forum reflects one of the world’s lowest female labor force participation rates in India, and it is necessary to recognize the economic gains that could be realized if this gender gap is narrowed. According to an assessment by Goldman Sachs, if the gender gap in employment is reduced, India's GDP could potentially rise by almost one-third by 2050, which equates to an astonishing $6 trillion. In order to capitalize on this potential, it is critical to identify what is causing the low female labor force participation and to implement effective solutions in order to increase it.. 

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Female Labour Force Participation Rate in India

India were to successfully narrow the gender gap in employment, which currently stands at a significant 58 percentage points, it could potentially increase the country's GDP by almost one-third by 2050, which amounts to around $ 6 trillion.
 Women account for 48% of India's population, yet they contribute only about 17% of India's GDP. 
  The female labor force participation rate in India is one of the lowest in the world, with a steady decline from 36.7% in 2005 to a mere 19% in 2021.(World Bank)
 The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 published by the World Economic Forum ranks India 140th out of 156 countries concerning economic participation and opportunities for women.

[Audio] Female labour force participation rates have been decreasing in India, but more so in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. These states generally have lower social and human development indicators and higher poverty levels. To aid the female workforce of the EAG states, the Indian government has instituted various policies to improve economic development and raise the quality of life of its citizens.. 

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The Empowered Action Group (EAG) states, including Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh, are recognized for their high poverty levels, low social development, and weak human development indicators.  The declining trend of FLFPR is particularly pronounced in the EAG states, which are socio-economically disadvantaged and have lower levels of development compared to other states in India.

A map of india with different colored states

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[Audio] We are here to discuss the Female Labour Force Participation Rate in the Empowered Action Group States of India. The FLFPR in EAG states has been consistently lower than the national average, although there has been an increase in the percentage of women in regular employment post 2011-12. Many rural and urban women are still entering positions in community level services such as domestic work or in the fields of education, health, or social work. The variations in between the rates among EAG states can be attributed to many factors including insufficient job opportunities, skill development, and inadequate infrastructure. On the other hand, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan have higher FLFPRs largely due to the presence of the mining and manufacturing industries, which offer higher-paying jobs. In contrast, the agricultural sector in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh is largely unorganized with workers often receiving low wages and facing poor working conditions. That concludes our discussion of Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Development in Empowered Action Group States of India.. 

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Trends and Patterns of FLFPR in EAG States

Female Labor Force Participation Rate in EAG states has been consistently lower than the national average .

 While there has been an increase in the percentage of women in regular employment after 2011-12, many rural and urban women are still entering positions in community level service as domestic workers in other people's homes or the fields of education, health, or social work.
 The Variations among rates  in between EAG States can be attributed to  insufficient job opportunities, insufficient skill development, socio-cultural norms, and inadequate infrastructure, among others. 
  In contrast, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan have higher FLFPRs because of the mining and manufacturing industries, which offer higher-paying jobs to women.
 The agricultural sector is a major source of employment in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, it is largely unorganized, and workers often receive low wages and face poor working conditions.

Figure: Female Labour Force Participation Rate in the EAG States. 

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Figure: Female Labour Force Participation Rate in the EAG States

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Figure: Per Capita NSDP in EAG States. Per Capita NSDP crores) o o O O o o O O o o o o o 00 o o o o o o o o o o O o o o o o o o o o. 

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[Audio] The findings of a study on the female labour force participation rate in India indicate that the feminization U-hypothesis holds true, demonstrating a U-shaped relationship between female labour participation and economic development. This is attributed to structural changes in the economy, declining fertility rates, and limited access to education for women. As the economy progresses and education opportunities expand for women, female labour participation begins to increase. Despite mixed results from studies on the female labour force participation rate in India, the feminization U-hypothesis can still be used to understand the overall trend of female labour participation in India.. 

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The feminization U-hypothesis states that female labor force participation in developing countries follows a U-shaped relationship with economic growth. According to this hypothesis, there is a U-shaped relationship between female labour participation and economic development. Initially, female labour participation decreases during the early stages of development due to structural changes in the economy, declining fertility rates, and limited access to education for women. However, as the economy progresses and education opportunities expand for women, female labour participation begins to increase again, resulting in a U-shaped curve of female labour supply (Goldin, 1994). The hypothesis suggests that there is an inverse relationship between economic development and female labour force participation, whereby participation rates are highest in poor countries where women engage in subsistence activities, decline during the middle-income stages due to the transition of men to industrial jobs, and rise again in high-income countries as women gain more access to education and job opportunities (Verick, 2014).  Studies on the female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) in India have shown mixed results.

[Audio] We explored the relationship between economic development and female labour force participation in Empowered Action Group States of India, utilizing a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Our research aimed to identify the determinants of female labour force participation rate in order to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence female labour force participation.. 

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1. To explore the relationship between economic development and female labour force participation in EAG states.

 2. To identify the determinants of female labour force participation rate in EAG states.

[Audio] I will be discussing the impact of Female labour force participation rate and Economic Development in Empowered Action Group States of India. My hypothesis is that There is systematic U- shaped relationship between the level of domestic product and female labour force participation rate, and that there is no significant impact of Female literacy, Total fertility rate, Unemployment rate on the female labour force participation rate. We will analyze the research to demonstrate the relationship between economic development of the states and female labour force participation. We will then discuss the results.. 

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There is systematic U- shaped relationship between the level of domestic product and female labour force participation rate . There is no significant impact of Female literacy, Total fertility rate, Unemployment rate on the female labour force participation rate.

[Audio] Examining female labour force participation rates and its potential economic effects on the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states of India, data was collected from various sources including Employment Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau EUS, Periodic Labour Force Survey, National Sample Survey Organisation, Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Labour & Employment, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, and Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Additionally, the 'Handbook of Statistics on Indian States' for the period 2005-2022 was consulted.. 

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The study explores the patterns and determinants of female labour force participation rate in eight EAG states of India using secondary data sources collected from Employment Unemployment Survey reports of the National Sample Survey Organisation , Central Statistical Organisation , Labour Bureau EUS reports of Ministry of Labour & Employment, Periodic Labour Force Survey , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation , Directorate of Economics and Statistics of respective state government, Handbook of Statistics on Indian States for the year 2005-2022.

[Audio] Evidence is accumulating that the economic development of a society is closely tied to the labor force participation of women. This study examines the female labor force participation rate (FLFP) and its influences, and its correlation to the economic development of the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states in India. Panel data regression analysis and the bootstrap and interpolation methods were employed to analyze the data, as data availability was limited in some states. Results indicate the significance of female labor force participation in economic development. Policy makers should strive to create a setting which encourages women to work, as this could have a prominent impact on their economic development.. 

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The study examines the relationship between FLFPR and its determinants with economic development in the EAG states using Panel data Regression Analysis.  Due to the lack of availability of data in some states, the Bootstrap and Interpolation method has been used.

[Audio] The dependent variable in this analysis is the Female Labour Force Participation Rate in the Empowered Action Group states of India. The independent variables are Per Capita Net State Domestic Product, Female Literacy Rate, Total Fertility Rate, and Unemployment Rate. These variables have a significant influence on the Female Labour Force Participation Rate.. 

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Dependent Variable

 Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR)

 Independent Variables

 Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP)

 Female Literacy Rate (FLIT)

 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

 Unemployment Rate

[Audio] This study investigated the role of female labour force participation in India’s Empowered Action Group (EAG) states and its impact on economic development. The results showed a positive effect of female labour force participation on economic development, most significantly in states with the lowest levels of female labour force participation. It was also found that the presence of policies such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) had a substantial influence on female labour force participation and economic development. The findings of this study emphasise the importance of policy initiatives designed to encourage female labour force participation in India’s EAG states to fuel economic development.. 

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[Audio] The U-hypothesis states that when per capita net state domestic product increases, labour force participation will initially decrease but start increasing when a certain level of development is reached. Moving on to the next slide, we will examine how public transportation can be used to decrease air pollution and traffic congestion, while being cost effective.. 

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The model is given by-            
  
??????? =   ?? + ?1 ln ? ???????? +  ?2 (ln?????????) 2 +  ???

Where, FLFPRit is the female labour force participation rate of the states taken as the response variable and, lnPCINSDPit is the explanatory variable which represents the net state domestic product per capita at constant prices, (lnPCINSDPit )2 is the squared per capita net state domestic product at constant prices, (ε) is the error term with (i) and (t) represents subscripts for states and time, respectively. If U-hypothesis holds, labour force participation will decrease initially with an increase in per capita net state domestic product (δ1< 0) and start increasing after attaining a certain level of development (δ2 > 0).

[Audio] Results of research presented in TABLE 1 show that the female labour force participation rate is positively correlated with the economic development of the Empowered Action Group states of India. It was found that a 1 percent increase in the Per capita income of the states results in a 52.6 percent increase in the female labour force participation rate, which has a negative impact on the economic development of the states. This reinforces the conclusion that economic development plays an important role in diminishing gender disparities in the workforce.. 

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Dependent Variable: FLFPR





 Variable Coefficient
 Standard Error
 t-statistic Probability lnPCINSDP 52.62908
 5.866160
 8.971641 0.0000 lnPCINSDP2 -2.272398
 0.275798
 -8.239360 0.0000 C -272.8978
 31.13593
 -8.764723 0.0000 R-squared
 0.48824
 Mean dependent var
 29.34965 F-statistic
 -31855.06
 Prob (F-statistic)
 0.000000

Figure : Log per capita NSDP and female labour force participation (FLFPR). 

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Figure : Log per capita NSDP and female labour force participation (FLFPR)

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[Audio] The results of the pooled OLS model suggest that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between economic development and female labour force participation rate in the Empowered Action Group states of India. The log per capita NSDP and squared log per capita NSDP coefficients are both significant, with the log per capita NSDP coefficient having a positive sign and the squared log per capita NSDP coefficient having a negative sign. This indicates that female labour force participation rate is initially low at low per capita NSDP, then increases as per capita income increases before eventually declining.. 

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Based on the pooled OLS model results (in Table 1) indicate an inverted U-shaped curve instead of a U-shaped relationship between economic development and FLFPR in the EAG states.  Both the log per capita NSDP and squared log per capita NSDP coefficients are significant and the positive sign of log per capita NSDP coefficient (?1 > 0) and negative squared log per capita NSDP coefficient (?2 < 0) suggest that FLFPR is initially low at low per capita NSDP but as the per capita income increases, FLFPR also rises, stagnates at a certain range and then starts to decline as per capita income continues to rise.

[Audio] The slide is about comprehension of why the Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) follows an inverted U-shape trend in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states in India. It is said that when GDP per capita is low, women work to contribute to the household income, but as progress grows, the market expands, technology and education enhanced, females are left disadvantaged in the labour market, instigating withdrawal from the labour force, thus causing the descending FLFPR. Ultimately, this leads to the inverted U-shape curve observed currently.. 

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At a low level of NSDP per capita, women mostly work out of necessity for contributing to family income, primarily to meet the subsistence requirements of the household With the rising level of development, the expansion of the market, introduction of new technology with agricultural mechanization, domestic duties, to find better job opportunities, rising household income lack of required skills, a rising level of educational attainment, difficulties in re-entering labour market and various other socio-cultural norms and factor, causes females to withdraw from labour market. Consequently, the FLFPR declines as per capita NSDP rises resulting in Inverted U-shape female labour supply curve contrary to the hypothesized U- shape curve in the context of EAG states of India.

[Audio] Research estimates that several factors, such as female literacy, per capita income, total fertility rate, and male unemployment rate, affect female labor force participation. To measure these factors' effect, a regression model was used. Results of this study suggest that increasing female literacy, per capita income, and male unemployment rate are associated with higher female labor force participation. Contrarily, total fertility rate was discovered to have a negative effect on female labor force participation. This study demonstrates the significance of socio-economic factors in deciding women's labor force participation.. 

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Determinants of FLFPR: Panel Data Regression Estimates

The regression model is shown as: 
 FLFPRit = αi + δ2 FLITit + δ3 ln PCINSDP it + δ4 (ln PCINSDP)2 it + δ5 TFRit   + δ6 FUR it + δ7 MUR it + εit                                                                                                                                                                
 Where , 
 FLFPRit is the dependent variable where and represent subscripts for states and time respectively, αi is the intercept for each subject,  δ depicts the coefficients of the independent variables,  FLITit represents the female literacy rate, 2 it is the squared per capita NSDP at constant prices,  TFRit represents the Total Fertility rate,  MUR it is the male unemployment rate and,  εit represents the error term.

[Audio] This research indicates that economic development, measured by the per capita income, is the most important factor influencing female labour force participation in India. The results of the random effect model, which has the highest R-squared value of the models tested, further imply that economic growth per capita, unemployment rates, fertility rate and labour force rate all have an effect on female labour force participation. The results also reject the hypothesis of a redundant fixed effect. The findings of this research consequently provide valuable insights into opportunities for female labour force participation in India and their relation to economic development.. 

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Independent Variable Pooled OLS Fixed Effects Random Effects lnPCINSDP 16.58550 (39.49843) -39.05062 (43.70483) -31.56848 (41.28004) lnPCINSDP2 -0.430955 (1.843023) 1.701544 (2.002795) 1.426512 (1.894171)  FLIT -0.610175 (0.211639) *** -0.534970 (0.309021) * -0.594054 (0.280309) ** TFR -12.53660 (3.548149) *** -16.64734 (6.374232) ***   -16.35747 (5.550882) *** FUR -2.464872 (0.338160) *** -1.499156 (0.324993) *** -1.614703 (0.315174) *** MUR -1.210496 (0.587267) *** 0.041673 (0.485506) -0.039352 (0.481613) C -14.25223 (212.8905) 334.1099 (247.5210) 289.1412 (231.0075)  R-squared 0.529139 0.771292 0.343499 Redundant Fixed Effects test   Cross-section F: (12.402957) *** Cross-section Chi-Square: (69.323325) ***     Hausman Test     Cross-section random: 4.614489 Dependent Variable: FLFPR Note: Significance levels: * p< 0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01 Standard Errors are in parentheses.

[Audio] The slide focuses on the female labour force participation and its correlation with economic development in the Empowered Action Group states of India. Estimates show the female labour force participation in these states is affected by the female literacy rate, female unemployment rate and total fertility rate. An increase in the female literacy rate leads to a decrease in the female labour participation rate. The total fertility rate has a negative effect on the FLFPR due to the common stereotypes surrounding working women in society. Similarly, female unemployment has a strong negative relationship with the FLFPR. This implies that there is a correlation between the female labour force participation and the indicators discussed.. 

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The Estimates indicate that FLFPR in EAG states of India is significantly influenced by the female literacy rate, the female unemployment rate, and the total fertility rate.  The findings indicate a negative relationship between women's education and their participation in the labor force. The study's estimates reveal a negative relationship between total fertility rate and FLFPR, indicating that as the former rises, a lower percentage of women join the labor force. Female unemployment has a negative effect on FLFPR, particularly in societies where women are expected to work outside of the home.

[Audio] It can be argued that female labor force participation in India's Empowered Action Group states is generally low, with certain states exhibiting higher levels of participation than others. To maximize female labor force participation, access to financial resources, skills training, improved infrastructure, and better educational and employment opportunities need to be provided. Moreover, social security measures for women’s safety and health should be implemented, as well as incentives being provided to employers that hire more women. Despite the challenges, there is still a great opportunity to increase female labor force participation in India.. 

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[Audio] It is evident from the empirical analysis of the feminization U-hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between the level of economic development and the female labor force participation rate in India's Empowered Action Group states. As the per capita income increases, the female labor force participation rate also increases, but only up to a certain point, after which it starts to decline. The factors influencing the female labor participation rate include female literacy, total fertility rate and unemployment rate, all of which are found to have a significant impact on the rate of FLFPR. This highlights the importance of creating more job opportunities and providing necessary skills to women in order to increase their labor participation rate.. 

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Based on the empirical analysis of the feminization U-hypothesis, it has been concluded that the EAG states of India do not exhibit a systematic U-shaped curve of female labour. Rather, the analysis shows an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita NSDP and FLFPR.  This means that as per capita income increases, FLFPR also increases initially, reaches a point of stagnation, and then starts declining beyond a certain range. Furthermore, the determinants female literacy, total fertility rate and unemployment rate are found to have a significant impact on the female participation rate in the labour market. Thus, both the null hypotheses are rejected.  At low per capita NSDP, the limited available opportunities attribute to low FLFPR, but it increases as the economy expands and more opportunities arise. However, as development continues and new technology and job opportunities emerge, various factors such as lack of skills, sociocultural norms, and rising household income can cause women to withdraw from the labor market, leading to a decline in FLFPR, resulting in an inverted U-shape of female labour supply curve, contrary to the anticipated U-shaped curve.

[Audio] Economic development and female labor force participation have a correlation, as evidenced in India's Empowered Action Group states. As economic development decreases, opportunities for women in the workforce also decrease. With increasing economic development, the number of women in the workforce concurrently increases. Ultimately, when economic development is high, female labor force participation is also high. It is clear that economic development has a direct influence on the number of women in the workforce.. 

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Economic Development and Women's Labor Force Participation

Increased opportunities lead to increasing FLFPR.

Sociocultural norms, lack of skills, and rising household income can cause women to withdraw from the labor market, leading to declining FLFPR.

[Audio] The topic of this slide is female labour force participation and economic development in India's Empowered Action Group states. To maximize economic development, policy recommendations should be tailored to regional contexts, access to education and family planning services should be improved, cultural norms and biases should be addressed, and targeted support should be given to low-skilled jobs. By tailoring the policies to local contexts, better changes can be made that promote economic development. Education and family planning services should be accessible in rural areas to reduce fertility rates and create more opportunities for women. Discriminatory cultural norms and biases should be addressed to allow women to join the labour force. Additionally, training and development programs should be created for women working in low-paying jobs to support upward mobility, entrepreneurship, and small businesses.. 

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1. Tailor policies to fit regional contexts  The determinants of FLFPR may vary by region, and policymakers should take local conditions into account when designing policies. 2. Access to education and family planning  Improve access to education and family planning services, particularly in rural areas, to address limited opportunities and reduce fertility rates. 3.Address cultural norms and biases Promote social change by addressing discriminatory cultural norms and biases that discourage women from participating in the labor force. 4. Support for low-skilled jobs Provide targeted support, including training and development programs, for women in low-skilled and low-paying jobs to increase their upward mobility and support for entrepreneurship and small businesses.

[Audio] The research shows that the female labour force participation rate is a significant indicator of economic development. However, collecting state-level data is difficult and could potentially exclude relevant information. In addition, women's empowerment must be considered on more than just an economic level, necessitating further research to examine other indicators that could impact the female labour force participation rate and the quality of life for women.. 

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There was a shortage of information on other potential variables, future research can include a broader set of variables and a larger sample size to improve the accuracy of the results.

 Another limitation of the study is the difficulty in collecting state-level data, which may lead to incomplete or inconsistent data across different geographic regions.

 While the study focuses on the relationship between economic development and FLFPR, it is important to acknowledge that women's empowerment is a multifaceted concept that extends beyond economic participation, and future research could explore other dimensions of female labour force participation rate and their impact on women's lives

[Audio] Research on female labour force participation and economic development in the Empowered Action Group states of India has been extensive in recent years. This slide examines some core findings and related studies. Gaddis and Klasen found in 2014 that structural change in the economy was a main determinant of female labour force participation in these states. The Global Gender Report in 2021 showed that female workplace involvement was most likely to rise with voluntary actions instead of family pressure. Das and Desai argued that improved access to education and a more educated female population would advance female participation in the labour force. Kapsos, Silberman and Bourmpoula concurred in 2016, additionally pointing out that cultural obstructions and childcare availability can impede a woman’s ability to join the workforce. In conclusion, it is evident that female labour force participation and economic development in the Empowered Action Group states of India are tied, yet cultural, educational and childcare elements also have an effect on this correlation.. 

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Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Bloomberg. (2020, February 6). “India Needs More Women in the Workforce to Boost Growth”. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/india-needs-more-women-in-the-workforce-to-boost-growth.  Das, M., and S. Desai (2003): Explaining the increase in women’s labor force participation in India, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.38(27), pp. 2785-2792. Gaddis, I., and S. Klasen (2014): Economic Development, Structural Change, and Women’s Labor Force Participation, Journal of Population Economics, Vol.27(3), pp. 639–681. Global Gender Report. (2021). World Economic Forum.  Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2017). Basic econometrics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. International Labour Organization. (2018). Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture, (2nd ed.). International Labour Organization. Kapsos, S., A. Silberman, and E. Bourmpoula (2016): Decline of Women’s Labour Force Participation in India in, Transformation of women at work in Asia: An unfinished development Agenda, (first edition) Verick and Dasgupta, pp.75-101.New Delhi: Sage Publications. Klasen, S. (2019): What explains uneven female labor force participation levels and trends in developing countries?, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol.34(2), pp. 161-197. Klasen, S., and J. Pieters, (2015): What explains the stagnation of female labor force participation in urban India?, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol.29(3), pp. 449-478. Kumari, R. (2018) : Economic growth, disparity, and determinants of female labor force participation: A research agenda, World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, Vol.14( 2), pp. 138-152. Lahoti, R., and H. Swaminathan (2015): Economic Development and Women’s Labor Force Participation in India, Feminist Economics, Vol.22(2), pp. 1–28. Mehrotra, S. and J. K. Parida, (2017): Why is the labour force participation of women declining in India?, World Development, Vol.98:360–380. Sundari, S (2020): Structural changes and quality of women’s labour in India, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol.63, pp. 689-717. Verick, S. (2014): Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries, IZA World Labor, Vol.87, pp. 1–10. White, S. C. (2006): The ‘gender lens’: a racial blinder?, Progress in Development Studies, Vol.6(1), pp. 55-67.

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Labor force participation rate of women is a crucial indicator of a nation's social and economic growth

It reflects how a nation is moving ahead and how women are contributing to the economy

Uplifting the female labor force participation rate can have a substantial influence on economic expansion by giving women access to essential resources such as education, capital, healthcare and land

Women are imperative to the success of major development objectives, such as eradicating poverty

We must do our utmost to guarantee that women are present in all areas of the workforce.

avatar

Women in India face a number of structural and cultural challenges that limit their access to paid employment

Data from the World Bank and the World Economic Forum reflects one of the world’s lowest female labor force participation rates in India, and it is necessary to recognize the economic gains that could be realized if this gender gap is narrowed

According to an assessment by Goldman Sachs, if the gender gap in employment is reduced, India's GDP could potentially rise by almost one-third by 2050, which equates to an astonishing $6 trillion

In order to capitalize on this potential, it is critical to identify what is causing the low female labor force participation and to implement effective solutions in order to increase it.

Female labour force participation rates have been decreasing in India, but more so in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states

These states generally have lower social and human development indicators and higher poverty levels

To aid the female workforce of the EAG states, the Indian government has instituted various policies to improve economic development and raise the quality of life of its citizens.

We are here to discuss the Female Labour Force Participation Rate in the Empowered Action Group States of India

The FLFPR in EAG states has been consistently lower than the national average, although there has been an increase in the percentage of women in regular employment post 2011-12

Many rural and urban women are still entering positions in community level services such as domestic work or in the fields of education, health, or social work

The variations in between the rates among EAG states can be attributed to many factors including insufficient job opportunities, skill development, and inadequate infrastructure

On the other hand, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan have higher FLFPRs largely due to the presence of the mining and manufacturing industries, which offer higher-paying jobs

In contrast, the agricultural sector in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh is largely unorganized with workers often receiving low wages and facing poor working conditions

That concludes our discussion of Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Development in Empowered Action Group States of India.

The findings of a study on the female labour force participation rate in India indicate that the feminization U-hypothesis holds true, demonstrating a U-shaped relationship between female labour participation and economic development

This is attributed to structural changes in the economy, declining fertility rates, and limited access to education for women

As the economy progresses and education opportunities expand for women, female labour participation begins to increase

Despite mixed results from studies on the female labour force participation rate in India, the feminization U-hypothesis can still be used to understand the overall trend of female labour participation in India.

We explored the relationship between economic development and female labour force participation in Empowered Action Group States of India, utilizing a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods

Our research aimed to identify the determinants of female labour force participation rate in order to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence female labour force participation.

I will be discussing the impact of Female labour force participation rate and Economic Development in Empowered Action Group States of India

My hypothesis is that There is systematic U- shaped relationship between the level of domestic product and female labour force participation rate, and that there is no significant impact of Female literacy, Total fertility rate, Unemployment rate on the female labour force participation rate

We will analyze the research to demonstrate the relationship between economic development of the states and female labour force participation

Examining female labour force participation rates and its potential economic effects on the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states of India, data was collected from various sources including Employment Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau EUS, Periodic Labour Force Survey, National Sample Survey Organisation, Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Labour & Employment, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, and Directorate of Economics and Statistics

Additionally, the 'Handbook of Statistics on Indian States' for the period 2005-2022 was consulted.

Evidence is accumulating that the economic development of a society is closely tied to the labor force participation of women

This study examines the female labor force participation rate (FLFP) and its influences, and its correlation to the economic development of the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states in India

Panel data regression analysis and the bootstrap and interpolation methods were employed to analyze the data, as data availability was limited in some states

Results indicate the significance of female labor force participation in economic development

Policy makers should strive to create a setting which encourages women to work, as this could have a prominent impact on their economic development.

The dependent variable in this analysis is the Female Labour Force Participation Rate in the Empowered Action Group states of India

The independent variables are Per Capita Net State Domestic Product, Female Literacy Rate, Total Fertility Rate, and Unemployment Rate

These variables have a significant influence on the Female Labour Force Participation Rate.

This study investigated the role of female labour force participation in India’s Empowered Action Group (EAG) states and its impact on economic development

The results showed a positive effect of female labour force participation on economic development, most significantly in states with the lowest levels of female labour force participation

It was also found that the presence of policies such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) had a substantial influence on female labour force participation and economic development

The findings of this study emphasise the importance of policy initiatives designed to encourage female labour force participation in India’s EAG states to fuel economic development.

The U-hypothesis states that when per capita net state domestic product increases, labour force participation will initially decrease but start increasing when a certain level of development is reached

Moving on to the next slide, we will examine how public transportation can be used to decrease air pollution and traffic congestion, while being cost effective.

Results of research presented in TABLE 1 show that the female labour force participation rate is positively correlated with the economic development of the Empowered Action Group states of India

It was found that a 1 percent increase in the Per capita income of the states results in a 52.6 percent increase in the female labour force participation rate, which has a negative impact on the economic development of the states

This reinforces the conclusion that economic development plays an important role in diminishing gender disparities in the workforce.

The results of the pooled OLS model suggest that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between economic development and female labour force participation rate in the Empowered Action Group states of India

The log per capita NSDP and squared log per capita NSDP coefficients are both significant, with the log per capita NSDP coefficient having a positive sign and the squared log per capita NSDP coefficient having a negative sign

This indicates that female labour force participation rate is initially low at low per capita NSDP, then increases as per capita income increases before eventually declining.

The slide is about comprehension of why the Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) follows an inverted U-shape trend in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states in India

It is said that when GDP per capita is low, women work to contribute to the household income, but as progress grows, the market expands, technology and education enhanced, females are left disadvantaged in the labour market, instigating withdrawal from the labour force, thus causing the descending FLFPR

Ultimately, this leads to the inverted U-shape curve observed currently.

Research estimates that several factors, such as female literacy, per capita income, total fertility rate, and male unemployment rate, affect female labor force participation

To measure these factors' effect, a regression model was used

Results of this study suggest that increasing female literacy, per capita income, and male unemployment rate are associated with higher female labor force participation

Contrarily, total fertility rate was discovered to have a negative effect on female labor force participation

This study demonstrates the significance of socio-economic factors in deciding women's labor force participation.

This research indicates that economic development, measured by the per capita income, is the most important factor influencing female labour force participation in India

The results of the random effect model, which has the highest R-squared value of the models tested, further imply that economic growth per capita, unemployment rates, fertility rate and labour force rate all have an effect on female labour force participation

The results also reject the hypothesis of a redundant fixed effect

The findings of this research consequently provide valuable insights into opportunities for female labour force participation in India and their relation to economic development.

The slide focuses on the female labour force participation and its correlation with economic development in the Empowered Action Group states of India

Estimates show the female labour force participation in these states is affected by the female literacy rate, female unemployment rate and total fertility rate

An increase in the female literacy rate leads to a decrease in the female labour participation rate

The total fertility rate has a negative effect on the FLFPR due to the common stereotypes surrounding working women in society

Similarly, female unemployment has a strong negative relationship with the FLFPR

This implies that there is a correlation between the female labour force participation and the indicators discussed.

It can be argued that female labor force participation in India's Empowered Action Group states is generally low, with certain states exhibiting higher levels of participation than others

To maximize female labor force participation, access to financial resources, skills training, improved infrastructure, and better educational and employment opportunities need to be provided

Moreover, social security measures for women’s safety and health should be implemented, as well as incentives being provided to employers that hire more women

Despite the challenges, there is still a great opportunity to increase female labor force participation in India.

It is evident from the empirical analysis of the feminization U-hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between the level of economic development and the female labor force participation rate in India's Empowered Action Group states

As the per capita income increases, the female labor force participation rate also increases, but only up to a certain point, after which it starts to decline

The factors influencing the female labor participation rate include female literacy, total fertility rate and unemployment rate, all of which are found to have a significant impact on the rate of FLFPR

This highlights the importance of creating more job opportunities and providing necessary skills to women in order to increase their labor participation rate.

Economic development and female labor force participation have a correlation, as evidenced in India's Empowered Action Group states

As economic development decreases, opportunities for women in the workforce also decrease

With increasing economic development, the number of women in the workforce concurrently increases

Ultimately, when economic development is high, female labor force participation is also high

It is clear that economic development has a direct influence on the number of women in the workforce.

The topic of this slide is female labour force participation and economic development in India's Empowered Action Group states

To maximize economic development, policy recommendations should be tailored to regional contexts, access to education and family planning services should be improved, cultural norms and biases should be addressed, and targeted support should be given to low-skilled jobs

By tailoring the policies to local contexts, better changes can be made that promote economic development

Education and family planning services should be accessible in rural areas to reduce fertility rates and create more opportunities for women

Discriminatory cultural norms and biases should be addressed to allow women to join the labour force

Additionally, training and development programs should be created for women working in low-paying jobs to support upward mobility, entrepreneurship, and small businesses.

The research shows that the female labour force participation rate is a significant indicator of economic development

However, collecting state-level data is difficult and could potentially exclude relevant information

In addition, women's empowerment must be considered on more than just an economic level, necessitating further research to examine other indicators that could impact the female labour force participation rate and the quality of life for women.

Research on female labour force participation and economic development in the Empowered Action Group states of India has been extensive in recent years

This slide examines some core findings and related studies

Gaddis and Klasen found in 2014 that structural change in the economy was a main determinant of female labour force participation in these states

The Global Gender Report in 2021 showed that female workplace involvement was most likely to rise with voluntary actions instead of family pressure

Das and Desai argued that improved access to education and a more educated female population would advance female participation in the labour force

Kapsos, Silberman and Bourmpoula concurred in 2016, additionally pointing out that cultural obstructions and childcare availability can impede a woman’s ability to join the workforce

In conclusion, it is evident that female labour force participation and economic development in the Empowered Action Group states of India are tied, yet cultural, educational and childcare elements also have an effect on this correlation.

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