Human Physiology II Introduction to Reproductive system

[Virtual Presenter] Good morning everyone. Today, I'd like to talk to you about the human reproductive system. This complex system plays an essential role in species survival by facilitating the production and transfer of sperm cells necessary for fertilization. During this presentation I will be discussing the components, functions, and purpose of the reproductive system. I hope that by the end you will leave with a better understanding of this important system..

[Audio] The reproductive system is an integral part of the human body, allowing us to procreate and create new life. The male and female reproductive systems are closely intertwined, with the female reproductive system producing the egg, and the male reproductive system producing the sperm. Each system has evolved in order to ensure that the eggs and sperm meet to create a new individual. Understanding the reproductive system and its processes is essential for us to understand how life is created and can be sustained. " The reproductive system is an essential part of the human body, enabling us to create and sustain life. It is a complex system of specially adapted organs and structures, which work together to enable procreation. In humans, the male and female reproductive systems work closely together, with the female reproductive system producing the egg, and the male reproductive system producing the sperm. The union of egg and sperm is the first step to creating new life, and the reproductive system has evolved so that egg and sperm are able to meet and do this. Knowing how the reproductive system works and what its processes are is highly important in understanding not only how life is created, but also how it is sustained..

[Audio] Discussing human physiology, we shall focus on the reproductive system. This is the creation of new individuals of the same species and in humans, it is sexual. To enable this, both a male and female parent need to produce gamates - sex cells such as ova in the female and sperm in the male, that can join together in a zygote. There are also ducts to transport the gamates and glands to secrete hormones..

[Audio] Humans need both male and female reproductive organs to reproduce and create offspring. Male primary sex organs are the testes, which produce sperm cells, and female primary sex organs are the ovaries, which produce ova. Secondary sex organs are the ducts and glands that help move the sex cells and secrete hormones. Sexual reproduction helps ensure species survival by promoting genetic variability, creating a variety of combinations of chromosomes from the sperm and ova of two parents, resulting in over 8 million possible variations of 23 pairs of chromosomes..

[Audio] The main purpose of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm cells in the testes and transport them to the female reproductive system. Additionally, secretions to form semen and nutrients to help the sex cells mature are provided by the male reproductive system. Male sex hormones are also produced in order to control and develop the male reproductive system and behaviour as well as the male body. Altogether, the male reproductive system is integral to the continuation of the species..

[Audio] The female reproductive system plays an integral role in the human body. It is responsible for producing female sex cells in the ovaries, receiving sperm cells from the male, and transporting the sperm cells to the site of fertilization. It furthermore ensures that the fetus is supplied with the necessary nourishment and nurturing through the placenta and mother's milk. Additionally, the female reproductive system produces the female sex hormones that control and develop the female reproductive system and behavior..

[Audio] The human reproductive system is an essential part of human physiology. It involves organs such as the testes and ovaries, as well as the reproductive tissues, gametes and hormones that are involved in reproduction. These organs and tissues are responsible for producing a baby and sustaining it for nine months, with hormones also playing a role in sexual development and behavior. Despite the complexity of this system in creating new life, there is still much to be discovered about the intricacies of its functioning..

[Audio] The role of sex chromosomes in sex determination is as follows: each human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, with 22 of them being autosomes and one of them being a sex chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. When a female ovum is fertilized by a sperm cell, the Y chromosome produces a male baby, and the X chromosome produces a female baby. Thus, the sex chromosome dictates the gender of the offspring..

[Audio] In our lecture we will be examining the development of the sex organs in the human body. In the beginning of the process, the fetus is sexually undifferentiated. Nearly five or six weeks in, gonads, or the primary reproductive organs, arise as gonadal ridges near the kidneys. Here, two ducts appear next to the gonadal ridges, named the mesophrenic ducts and the paramesophrenic ducts. In males, the mesophrenic ducts get transformed into the male reproductive tract, while the paramesophrenic ducts go through degeneration. On the other hand, the reverse happens in females. This occurs due to a gene for testis determining factor on the Y chromosome, which codes for a hormone receptor in the embryonic gonad, in addition to human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone reproduced by the placenta. We will further discuss this topic today..

[Audio] As we explore human physiology, let us take a closer look at the reproductive system. If the fetus is XX, its gonad has no HCG receptors and does not respond to the hormone, resulting in the para-mesophrenic ducts developing into the female reproductive tract and the mesophrenic ducts degenerating. Conversely, if the fetus is XY, its gonad has HCG receptors that respond to the hormone. At 8 to 10 weeks, it begins to secrete mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF) and androgen such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. These androgens stimulate the mesophrenic duct to develop into a male reproductive tract while the MIF causes the para-mesophrenic duct to regress, the opposite of female. Up next, let us look into the development of a fetus in more detail..

[Audio] In human embryos, the cortex of the gonads becomes the ovaries in females and the medulla of the gonads becomes the testes in males. During female development, the paramesophrenic ducts become the uterine ducts and fuse in the middle to form the uterus and vagina. In male development, mesophrenic ducts become the male genital ducts. Gonadotropin and Y chromosome work together to cause the testes to develop, which then secretes testosterone, and without testosterone, the female embryos will develop female ducts..

Physiologic Anatomy of Male Sexual Organs. Image611.

[Audio] The reproductive system is responsible for the production of egg or sperm, and for their transport and maintenance. It also provides nurturance for the developing offspring, and produces male and female sex hormones. Understanding of the reproductive system is essential for health and well-being, and allows us to make responsible decisions about our own bodies..

[Audio] Today we are discussing the structure and function of the male reproductive system. The main organs of the male reproductive system are the testis, scrotum, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, epididymus, vas deferens, and urethra. The testis, which is located in the scrotum, is responsible for the production of sperm and male hormones. The penis is the organ that allows sperm to exit the body. The seminal vesicles produce a fluid that nourishes and protects the sperm. The prostate gland and bulbourethral glands produce fluids that make up semen. The epididymis and vas deferens are ducts that transport the sperm from the testis to the penis, while the urethra is the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body..

[Audio] Humans have a reproductive system which comprises of various organs which are essential for the production and release of sex cells. This presentation will discuss the components of the male reproductive system. The male reproductive system consists of testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, prostatic duct, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, urethra and the bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands. Testis is made of up to 900 coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperm are produced. Then, sperm cells move to epididymis, another coiled tube, from where they pass to the vas deferens which further enlarges to form the ampulla. The vas deferens also leads to the prostate gland and the materials from the prostate gland are transported to the ejuculatory duct by the prostatic duct. The seminal vesicle, situated at one side of the prostate gland, empties into the prostatic part of the ampulla. Finally, the seminal vesicle, ampulla, and prostatic duct unite in the ejaculatory duct. Urethra is the closing link from the testis to the outer surface and bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands are to be found at the origin of the urethra..

[Audio] The male reproductive system consists of several major organs, including the testes, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicle, and the prostate gland. The testes are responsible for the production of testosterone, the male sex hormone. The vas deferens is the tube that carries sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory ducts. The seminal vesicle secretes a fluid that helps to protect and nourish the sperm. The prostate gland produces a fluid that aids in the transportation of sperm, and the combination of these organs allow for the production and transportation of sperm, which can then be released during ejaculation..

[Audio] The male reproductive system is composed of the testes, which produce sperm, and various accessory glands and ducts responsible for transporting sperm to the penis. These structures include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct. All these elements are vital for reproduction to take place..

[Audio] The male reproductive system is composed of various organs, including the testes, epididymis, and penis. Its primary purpose is to generate sperm for reproduction, which is an essential process for the survival of all species. Additionally, the reproductive system manufactures hormones that are vital for the development and preservation of secondary sexual characteristics in males..

[Audio] Students, the primary gland of the male reproductive system is the testes, an oval organ, roughly 5 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter. Covered by a connective tissue called tunica albugineae, its interior is divided into hundreds of lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules. Each testis is suspended within the scrotum and is covered by a testicular capsule composed of three layers: tunica vaginalis, tunica albugineae and tunica vascularis. This should provide a good overview of the anatomy of the male reproductive system. Let’s now move on to further details..

[Audio] The reproductive system is complicated in humans, and we will take a look at some of the cells that make up this system. Sertoli cells are tall pyramidal cells that adhere to the basal lamina and end at the apical ends of seminiferous tubules. They contain plenty of smooth ER and components such as mitochondria and lysosomes. Their functions include providing support, protection, and nutrients to developing sperm, as well as secreting fluid into seminiferous tubules. Leydig cells are also essential for the reproductive system and smooth muscle cells will be discussed further..

[Audio] We now move on to discussing the Reproductive System, with the focus on Accessory Glands. The Seminal Vesicles are a pair of vesicles, each comprising two highly convoluted tubes that measure 15 cm long. The walls of the seminal vesicles are made up of three layers, an external coating of connective tissue with elastic fibres, a middle smooth muscle coat with an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer, and an internal mucosa with a lining of epithelium and fibroblastic connective tissues. The seminal vesicles contain fructose, enzymes, and prostaglandins, and serve the purpose of providing nourishment and protection for the spermatozoa..

[Audio] The prostrate gland is located below the urinary bladder, surrounding the beginning portion of the urethra. It is approximately 2x4x3 cm in size and contains 30 to 50 compound tubuloacinar glands enclosed in a single fibrous capsule. These glands empty through about 20 pores in the urethral wall. The average pH of the fluid secreted by the prostrate gland is 6 to 6.5 and the fluid itself is serous and milky white. It contains lipids, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphate, and citrate and helps give sperm motility as a liquefying agent..

[Audio] Reproductive system is an important part of human physiology, and this discussion is focused on the Bulbourethral Gland, also known as Cowper's Gland. This gland produces a mucus-like secret, which serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse and is commonly referred to as pre-ejaculate. That concludes the overview of the Bulbourethral Gland..

[Audio] The reproductive system is a complex set of organs and processes that work together to produce offspring. It comprises the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deference and the ejaculatory duct. The rete testis is a network of channels within the medastinium testis that are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and it is responsible for carrying spermatozoa from the tubuli tecti to the ductuli efferens. The efferent ductules are a compilation of tubules with an epithelium of alternating ciliated and nonciliated cuboidal cells, originating from the rete testis to the epididymis. Continuing on, the ductus epididymis is a single, coiled tube that conveys sperm from the epididymis and it is comprised of pseudostratified columner epithelium. Afterwards, the ductus (vas) deferens is a muscular tube that transports the sperm from the seminal vesicles and then leads to the ejaculatory duct and enters the prostate gland..

[Audio] The structure and function of the reproductive system is being discussed. With a particular focus on the seminiferous tubules, these are embedded in a meshwork of connective tissue, which include blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and interstitial cells of Leydig that secrete testosterone. Each testis holds 250-1000 seminiferous tubules, which are highly convoluted and close-ended in the testicular lobule, with an approximate combined length of 250m, and enveloped by tunica propria. The seminiferous tubules are lined with 4-8 layers of seminiferous or germinal epithelium, which contains spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells. Finally, the seminiferous tubules form twisting pathways through testicular lobules that narrow into short tubuli recti connecting with rete testis..

Sperm. Image result for structure of the sperm.

[Audio] We are all born with different organs, so it is important to understand how they function in order to look after our health and wellbeing. This lecture is focused on the reproductive system, which is split into male and female. Each consists of a range of organs responsible for generating and sustaining life. If you would like to know more about the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, have a look at the video in this slide..

[Audio] Spermatogenesis is the process of primary spermatocytes undergoing meiosis, producing two secondary spermatocytes followed by a second meiotic division to produce four spermatids. These spermatids then undergo spermiogenesis, becoming spermatozoa. This process is essential for reproductive success in humans..

[Audio] The male reproductive system is responsible for producing and delivering sperm cells. These cells are created through a process known as spermatogenesis. During this process, spermatogonia are formed at the base of the seminiferous tubules via mitosis. This then progresses to primary spermatocytes which are formed through meiosis I, then secondary spermatocytes formed via meiosis II, and finally, the spermatozoa and spermatids are formed through the maturation process. All of this is made possible by the assistance of the Sertoli cells, which form a tight junction layer around the lumen." The male reproductive system plays a crucial role in the production of sperm cells. This is accomplished through spermatogenesis, a complex process that begins with the formation of spermatogonia, followed by the formation of primary spermatocytes through meiosis I, secondary spermatocytes through meiosis II, and spermatids and spermatozoa through the maturation process. The complexity of this process is maintained through the assistance of the Sertoli cells which form a tight junction layer around the lumen of the seminiferous tubules..

[Audio] We will explore the reproductive system and its hormonal factors that stimulate spermatogenesis. Testosterone is essential for the growth and division of germinal cells in forming sperm and is secreted by Leydig cells located in the interstitium of testis. LH, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone. FSH, also secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the sertoli cells for which the conversion of spermatids to sperm occur. The sertoli cells, after being stimulated by FSH, produce estrogen from testosterone, which is necessary for spermatogenesis. Finally, growth hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, is necessary for controlling background metabolic functions of the testes and promotes early division of spermatogonia..

[Audio] The reproductive system is essential for the functioning of the human body. The male reproductive system handles the production of sperm, which are tiny cells generated in the testes. Of those created, only a limited number get deposited in the epididymis, with the majority kept in the vas deferens and the ampulla of the epididymis. On average, the testes are capable of making around 120 million sperm daily, though most of them last for a month in the duct..

[Audio] Semen is a complex fluid composed of sperm cells and molecules secreted by the prostate, seminal vesicles, and other reproductive organs. It has a pH of 7.5 and is made up of 10% sperm from the vas deferens, 60% fluid from the seminal vesicles and 30% fluid from the prostate gland and the bulbourethral gland. This intricate makeup contributes toward male fertility..

[Audio] We will be discussing the reproductive system and why only one sperm enters the oocyte. Firstly, most sperm don't even make it to the thick covering of the ovum, the zona pellucida. When the first sperm binds to the ovum, calcium ions diffuse through the oocyte, releasing granules that permeate the zona and prevent any other sperm from binding. It even causes any sperm that may have been attached to fall off. Additionally, the changes in the oocyte membrane after fusion with sperm are believed to cause depolarization, preventing subsequent sperms from attaching..

[Audio] We are discussing the reproductive system and more specifically, abnormal spermatogenesis today. Bilateral orchitis resulting from mumps can cause sterility. In addition, higher temperatures can also have unfavorable effects on spermatogenesis. Cryptorchidism, which is an absence of one or both testes from the scortum, is another important factor..

[Audio] Semen typically contains between 35 and 200 million sperm per milliliter, and a sperm count below 20 million per ml may signify infertility. Not just the amount of sperm, but also their motility and morphology are important. Abnormal sperm morphology and immotile sperm contribute to infertility. The slide shows a graphical representation of this. Male fertility is a delicate and intricate process..

[Audio] The reproductive system is a complex system responsible for the reproduction of species as well as the development of the embryo. Additionally, it is involved in the growth and development of the fetus during gestation. To gain further insight, watch the video in the provided link and further explore the Textbook of Medical Physiology – Guyton & Hall..

[Audio] We are going to learn about the reproductive system, a fascinating and intricate system in the human body. We will be discussing the anatomy and physiology of reproductive system organs and the roles they play in the reproductive process. We will also learn about the hormones involved in the reproductive cycle. Finally, we will explore different reproductive issues that affect human health. By the end of our lesson, you should have a better understanding of the reproductive system and its importance to the human body..