Daniel Andrew MG

[Audio] undefined Daniel Andrew MG Lipid rafts. Daniel Andrew MG.

[Audio] What are lipid rafts? The plasma membranes of cells contain combinations of glycosphingolipids, cholesterol and protein receptors organised in glycolipoprotein lipid microdomains termed lipid rafts They are specialized membrane microdomains which - compartmentalize cellular processes by serving as organising centers for the assembly of signaling molecules, - allow a closer interaction of protein receptors and their effectors to promote kinetically favorable interactions necessary for the signal transduction. Lipid rafts influence membrane fluidity and membrane protein trafficking, thereby regulating neurotransmission and receptor trafficking. Lipid rafts are more ordered and tightly packed than the surrounding bilayer, but float freely within the membrane bilayer. Although more common in the cell membrane, lipid rafts have also been reported in other parts of the cell, such as the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes..

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[Audio] Figure 2. Models for the Organization of the Plasma Membrane (A) The lipid raft model. In the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane there are microdomains of cholesterol and sphingolipid rich lo phase that are surrounded by ld phase. These domains are proposed to be coupled to cholesterol-rich microdomains in the inner leaflet by an as yet uncertain mechanism. The proteins of the plasma membrane partition between the raft and surrounding bilayer on the basis of their physical properties. In particular GPI-anchored proteins, dual-acylated kinases and GTPases, and some transmembrane proteins are clustered in the rafts. It is suggested that some signaling receptors can move into the rafts upon ligand engagement, or “cluster” smaller rafts into larger ones (Brown and London, 1998; Simons and Toomre, 2000). Liquid-ordered monolayers and bilayers are known to be thicker than their liquid disordered equivalents. (B) The continuous model. If rafts do not exist, the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane would be an essentially homogenous phase rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids. This would provide a permeability barrier to cells that remained highly fluid in the plane of the bilayer, thereby allowing proteins to move freely by lateral diffusion and participate in protein:protein interactions. The high levels of cholesterol and sphingolipids are also likely to cause the bilayer to be thicker than those of the earlier compartments of the secretory pathway (Bretscher and Munro, 1993). The inner leaflet would also be essentially homogenous, but rich in acidic and amino phospholipids, with the former serving to attract basic peripheral proteins..

[Audio] . [image] Lipid Rafts: How were these discovered? Singer & Nicholson in 1972 viewed Cell membranes as two dimensional solutions of oriented globular proteins and lipids Simons and van Meer (1988) suggested existence of microdomains or "rafts" in plasma membrane of epithelial cells Original concept of rafts was used to explain transport of cholesterol from the trans Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Jacobson & Dietrich, 1999 discussed the existence of rafts and classified these into three, viz caveolae, glycosphingolipid enriched membranes (GEM), and polyphospho inositol rich rafts. At the 2006 Keystone Symposium of Lipid Rafts and Cell Function, lipid rafts were defined as "small (10-200nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.

[Audio] . [image] Two types of lipid rafts (1) Planar lipid rafts (non-caveolar, or glycolipid, rafts) : Planar rafts are continuous with plane of the plasma membrane: Planar rafts contain flotillin proteins and are found in neurons where caveolae are absent. Both types have similar lipid composition (enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids). (2) Caveolae: Caveolae are flask shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that contain caveolin proteins : Caveolins are widely expressed in the brain, micro-vessels of the nervous system, endothelial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, dorsal root ganglia and hippocampal neurons. BOTH Flotillin and caveolins have the ability to recruit signaling molecules into lipid rafts, thus playing an important role in neurotransmitter signal transduction..

[Audio] . [image] cell, vol. 115, 377-388, November 14, 2003, Copyright 02003 by cell Press Lipid Rafts: Elusive or Illusive? Review Sean Munro• MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QH United Kingdom There has been considerable recent interest in the possibility that the plasma membrane contains lipid "rafts," microdomains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. It has been suggested that such rafts could play an important role in many cellular pro- cesses including signal transduction, membrane traf- ficking, cytoskeletal organization, and pathogen entry. However, rafts have proven difficult to visualize in liv- ing cells. Most Of the evidence for their existence and function relies on indirect methods such as detergent extraction, and a number of recent studies have re- vealed possible problems with these methods. Direct studies Of the distribution Of raft components in living cells have not yet reached a consensus on the size or even the presence of these microdomains, and hence detection, resistance to solubilization by the nonionic detergent Triton X-IOO and sensitivity to cholesterol depletion, are indirect and potentially open to altemative interpretations (Heerklotz, 2002; Pizzo et al., 2002; Edidin, 2003). In addition, rafts have proven difficult to visualize in living cells, and when evidence has emerged, the apparent properties of the rafts have varied widely (Anderson and Jacobson, 2002; Kenworthy, 2002). In this review I will initially summarize what features of the plasma membrane are currently undisputed, and how these are incorporated into the raft model. I will then discuss the limitations Of the methods used to argue for the existence of rafts, and recent experiments that raise potential concerns about rafts. I will also discuss other effects that cholesterol and sphingolipids could have on the physical properties of the plasma membrane. It is not my intention to argue that the plasma membrane cannot contain rafts, but rather that current knowledge does not unequivocally support the existence of rafts, and that alternative models for the structure Of the plasma membrane are equally plausible..

[Audio] certain lipids are not extractable in cold non-ionic detergent supports the raft concept, but the nature of the in vivo correlate of such detergent-resistant membranes remains enigmatic signal transduction, membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, and pathogen entry enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids wide range of important biological processes, including numerous signal transduction pathways, apoptosis, cell adhesion and migration, synaptic transmission, organization of the cytoskeleton, and protein sorting during both exocytosis and endocytosis rafts have also wide range of viruses, bacteria and toxins, as well asbeen suggested to be the point of cellular entry of a being a site of viral assembly and formation of both prions and Alzheimer amyloid resistance to solubilization by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and sensitivity to cholesterol depletion.

[Audio] . [image] rg/böchemistry The Origin of Lipid Rafts Steven L. Regen* •../ Cite This: https•J/dxd0i.org/IO.1 021 I Read Online ACCESS I Metrics & More ABSTRACT: The time-aver-aged lateral organization Of the lipids and proteins that make up mammalian cell membranes continues to be the subject Of intense interest and debate. Since the introduction Of the fluid mosaic model almost SO years ago, the -lipid raft hypothesis" has emerged as a popular concept that has captured the imagination of a large segment of the biomembrane community. In particular, the notion that lipid rafts play a pivotal role in cellular processes such as signal transduction and membrane protein traffcking is now favored by many investigators. Despite the attractiveness of lipid rafts, their composition, size, lifetime, biol%'ical function, and even the very existence remain controversial. Ihe central tenet that underlies this hypothesis Ls that cholesterol and lipids have high-melting favorable interactions (i.e., they pun toged"ter), which lead to transient lipids domains. Recent nearest-neighbor recognition (NNR) studies have expanded the lipid raft hypothesis to include the influence that low-melting Article Recommendations low-melting lipids pun lipids have on the organization of lipid membranes. Specifically, it has been found that mimics of cholesterol and hig»melting lipids are repelled (Le., pushed away) by low-melting lipids in fluid bilayers. The picture that has emerged from our NNR studies is that lipid mixing is governed by a balance Of these and pun - forces, which maximizes the number Of hydrocarbon contacts and attractive van der Waals interactions within the membrane. The power of the NNR methodology is that it allows one to probe these push/pull interaction energies that are measured in tens of calories per mole. • THE LIPID RAFT HYPOTHESIS Despite a wealth Of information that is currently available on the composition and dynamic properties of mammalian cell membranes, the time-averaged lateral organization of the lipids and proteins that make up these natural enclosures remains controversial. A concept that has captured the imagination Of many researchers in this area is that high-melting lipids (i.e.,.

[Audio] Dynamics between membrane lipids, mainly cholesterol - sphingolipid interactions mimics of cholesterol and high-melting lipids are repelled (i.e., pushed away) by low-melting lipids in fluid bilayers. What are the low-melting lipids? nearest-neighbor recognition (NNR) studies lipid mixing is governed by a balance of these “push and pull” forces, which maximizes the number of hydrocarbon contacts and attractive van der Waals interactions within the membrane. What are the high-melting lipids?.

[Audio] Recruitment of various membrane proteins in the lipid phase owing to microdomains / rafts “hydrophobic contact mechanism” flexible, saturated acyl chains of high-melting lipids establish a large number of hydrocarbon contacts with the flat and rigid cholesterol molecule, thereby producing strong attractive van der Waals interactions..

[Audio] high-melting lipids (i.e.,lipids having a gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature, Tm, greater than 37 °C) associate with cholesterol to form transient domains termed “lipid rafts” Cholesterol favors association with high-melting lipids over low-melting lipids (i.e., lipids having Tm values less than 37 °C). This association appears to be the result of attractive van der Waals interactions between these two molecules. lipid rafts play a pivotal role in cellular processes involving signal transduction and membrane protein trafficking. fluorescence lifetime, differential scanning calorimetry,2H NMR, and Forster resonance energy transfer measurements have yielded additional support for cholesterol favoring association with high-melting lipids. low-melting phospholipids, which bear one or more “permanent kinks” (i.e., cis-double bonds), have a weaker association with cholesterol because they are unable to create as many hydrocarbon contacts..

[Audio] low-melting lipids enhance the stability of liquid-ordered bilayers derived from cholesterol and high-melting lipids such as 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). This equilibrium is defined by AA + BB ⇌ 2 AB..

[Audio] . [image] A Lipid structures cholesterol B Membrane phases phospholipids gel liquid disordered ( ld ) sphingolipids liquid ordered ( 10 ).

[Audio] Thus, a heterodimer, AB, is incorporated in a host membrane that is derived from (i) low-melting phospholipids and is maintained in the “liquid-disordered” state or (ii) high-melting phospholipids plus cholesterol that is maintained in the “liquid ordered” state; i.e., a state that is thought to mimic lipid rafts. Partial reduction with dithiothreitol (DTT) then releases monomers that undergo exchange with residual dimers via the thiolate-disulfide interchange. The dimer distribution is then monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography until chemical equilibrium has been reached. cis-double bonds undergo cis/trans isomerization under NNR reaction conditions.

[Audio] host membranes made from DPPC and cholesterol (60:40, mol/mol). At 45 °C, an attractive force was found that corresponded to ωAB = −260 cal/mol of phospholipid NNR measurements that were carried out in bilayers made from PDSPC revealed net repulsive interactions between Chol and the low-melting lipids, c1-Phos, c2-Phos, and c3-Phos the magnitude of these repulsive interactions was found to increase as the number of permanent kinks increased. the magnitude of the repulsive forces between Chol and these low-melting lipids was virtually identical with those of Phos interacting with these same low-melting lipids Since the net free energy of interaction between Chol and Phos in bilayers of PDSPC is essentially 0 cal/mol, these findings indicate that Chol and Phos have similar attractive and repulsive forces in fluid bilayers made from PDSPC.

[Audio] . [image] E 300 200 100 Figure 3. Net free energies of the interaction between Chol and the low-melting lipids, crPhos, cyphos, and cyphos, in host membranes made from PDSPC at 4S oc. Also shown is the net free energy of the interaction between Chol and Phos in host membranes made from PDSPC at 4S oc.20.

[Audio] . [image] hydrocarbon contact minimizes unfavorable exposure of the hydrophobic portion of the lipids toward water. In other words, both van der Waals interactions and the hydrophobic effect contribute to the formation of lipid rafts..

[Audio] . [image] Biochemistry pubs.acs.org/b • PUSH AND PULL FORCES ASA MEASURE OF LIPID MISCIBILITY In this Perspective, I have referred to values of (DAB that are greater than 0 cal per mol of phospholipid as being repulsive (representing a "push") and values of O)AB that are less than 0 cal per mol of phospholipid as being attractive (representing a "pull"). An altemative way of thinking about these push and pull forces is to consider them as a measure of miscibility where like- attracts-like. Thus, a value of (DAB that is strongly positive reflects two lipids that are dissimilar and do not want to become nearest- neighbors. In other words, they are immiscible at the molecular and at the supramolecular-level. In contrast, a value of(DAB that is strongly negative reflects two different lipids that want to become nearest-neighbors and are miscible. Figure S shows how Figure S. Snapshots Of Monte Carlo simulations Of mixtures of Chol with (A) cl-Phos and (B) cs-Phos. The mixtures contain 40% Chol (red) and OfCl -phos (black) Or C3-phos (black). The total number of lipids in each snapshot is 10,000. (Reprinted from ref 34)..

[Audio] . [image] THE HIDDEN ROLE THAT POLYUNSATURATED LIPIDS ARE LIKELY TO PLAY IN FORMING LIPID RAFTS Although substantial attention has focused on favorable interactions between high-melting lipids and cholesterol in forming lipid rafts over the past 20 years, relatively little attention has been paid to the role that low-melting lipids may play. Given the abundance of polyunsaturated lipids in mammalian cell membranes and the fact that repulsive interactions increase with increasing numbers of permanent kinks, it appears likely that the repulsive interactions that cholesterol and high-melting lipids experience with polyunsatu- 28—33 rated lipids are a major driving force for lipid raft formation..

[Audio] . [image] A GPI-anchored proteins model membrane live cell I ()gtn B Triton X-100 extraction of cells before after.

[Audio] . [image] Biophysical Journal Role Of Cholesterol in the Formation and Nature Of Lipid Rafts in Planar and Spherical Model Membranes Abstract play a and role in the has been Connected 10 lhe o' lipid Lipid are compose*' lipids in 'he lipids in tho phase, Cholesterol and sphingomyelin though' 10 be Ot lipid Cell and We haw' am' photoblcmhing in planar bilayers o' phosphatidylcholine porcine brain Sphingomyelin and to map 'he composillcm.depcndencc of pnaye thc OPC tho O'dered gel phase or bSM. to a more nuid membvane. When bPCdbSM hPObSM lhe ot phaw doman 'he tract• of pha. to proportional to the cholesterol concentranon in noth ph(Bphonpid mixtures, which a signincanl or bPC imago. a "mhold, point rafts and domains disconnec.ledø when W50"k, or lhe Iota' membrane is convened Ine phase. This happens between Submit Log in 3 Register Subscribe Claim.

[Audio] . [image] ACCOUNTS Artick pubs acs.org/accounts The Structural Role of Cholesterol in Cell Membranes: From Condensed Bilayers to Lipid Rafts Martin R. Krause and Steven L Regen* Department Of Chembtry, Lehigh Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States CONSPECTUS: Defining the two-dimensional Structure Of cell membranes represents one of the most daunting challenges currently facing biochemßts, and biophysicists. In particular, the time-averaged lateral organization of the lipids and proteins that make up these natural enclosures has yet to be established. As the classic Singer—Nicolson model of cell membranes has evolved over the past 40 years, special atten- tion has focused on the structural role played by cholesterol, a low-melti ng high-melting key component that represents ca. 30% of the total lipids that lipids lipids are present. Despite studies with model membranes, two fundamental issues have remained a mystery: (i) the mechanism by which cholesterol condenses low-melting lipids by uncoiling their acyl chains and (ii) the thermodynamics of the interaction between cholesterol and high- and low- melting lipids. The latter bears directly on one of the most popular notions in modern cell biology, that É, the lipid raft hypothesS whereby cholesterol is thought to combine with high-melting lipids to form "lipid rafts" that float in a "sea" of low- melting lipids. In this Account, we first describe a chemical approach that we have developed in our laboratories that has allowed us to quantify the interactions between exchangeable mimics of cholesterol and and high-melting lipids in model membranes. In essence, this "nearest-neighbor recognition" (NNR) method involves the synthesis of dimeric forms of these lipids that contain a disulfide moiety as a linker. By means of thiolate—disulfide interchange reactions, equilibrium mixtures of dimers are then formed. These exchange reactions are initiated either by adding dithiothreitol to a liposomal dßpersion to generate a small amount of thiol monomer or by including a small amount of thiol monomer in the liposomes at pH S.O and then raising the pH to 7.4. We then show how such NNR measurements have allowed us to distinguish between two very different mechanisms that have been.

[Audio] . [image] DPLOS PATHOGENS k for OPEN Mu'hanvdcva A Dr.I"cO. Lowy, bxames ccminq HIV grc&n rmtgar,ø rafts pc&üng restore in STATES 5.2019 11 2019 C 20B ThS iS CrQtive Attribml Liter* andwurct are c ' Nita'. S.onng Irtmutin ties aviäbk trom GEO•nry. RESEARCH ARTICLE Exosomes containing HIV protein Nef reorganize lipid rafts potentiating inflammatory response in bystander cells Anh LD" , •2, DubrOVSky3, Tatana LOWC , Michael , Fu', Peter J. Meikle„J'. Beda l. Millers, Murphy' , Dmitri 1 Baker and Australa 2 of 3 o' and Gwrg•e WWhir»ton, America 4 Schou 01 and San La CA. aumcrs Abstract HIV has a profound effect on "Wstander cells causing metat»lic co•motbidRiß_ This 'nay be medated by exosonws by HIV •infected cells and containing viral fac- tors_ Here we show that exosomes containing HIV-I protein Nef (exW) are rapdy takm by releasing Nd into the cell interior, Ths caused down-regulation ot Aæ„AI , reduction ot cholesterol effux sharp elevatbn of abumiance of lipid rdts through reduced activation of small GTPase CcÉ42 and actin pdymerizatim. Charves in rafts led to relocdizatim ot TLR4 and TREWI to raffs, ot ENKI 12, ot NLRÆ intlanunasome, and increased secretion ot pro-inflammatory cytokines. The effects ot exNet on lipid rafts and on were by overex- pression ot a ccmstitutivety active mutant ot Cdc42, Similar effects were macro- phages treated with exosomes produced by HIV-infected cd or isolated from ot HIV-infected subjects, but not With excsomes from cens and subjects Wih met- HIV uninfectaj subjects. Mice with exNet exhibted mona:ylosis. r«iuced ABCAI in macrophages, increased raft abundance in monocytes and aOrnented inflamma• tion. Net-containing exosomes potentiated pro-inflammatory by inducing changes chdesterd metabolism and reorgmizing Ibid rafts. These mechanisms may contribute to HIV •associated rnetabolic co-moöidities..

[Audio] . [image] Macrophage Exosome Nef Lipid rafts ABCAI TLR4 TREM-I Nef Cdc42 GTP GDP O G-a in F-actin Inflammasome /pERK1/Z IL-lß TNFu IL-6 Fig 9. The proposed of the effect ofexNef on inflammation. Nef in exoq»mes from cells is taken up by bystander cells where it reduces the amount of A BCÄI by previously described mechanisme displacement Of I from rafts With degradation Of ABCA I and preventing interaction Of synthesized ABCA with calnexin, also followed by its degradation. Reduction of A inhibits activation ofCdc42, which in turn decreases formation of filamentous actin enhancing formation of lipid rafts. Increase in lipid rah abundance leads to recruitment into rafts of TREM-I and TLR4, leading to the activation of TLR4, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, actnation ofinflammasomes and stimulation ofsecretion ofpro-inflammatoty cytokines..

[Audio] . [image] Membrane Organization and Lipid Rafts Kai Simons and Julio L. Sampaio Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany Correspondence: [email protected] Cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer, containing proteins that span the bilayer and/or interact with the lipids on either side of the two leaflets. Although recent advances in lipid analytics show that membranes in eukaryotic cells contain hundreds of different lipid species, the function of this lipid diversity remains enigmatic. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer, composed of two apposing leaflets, forming a two- dimensional liquid with fascinating properties designed to perform the functions cells re- quire. To coordinate these functions, the bilayer has evolved the propensity to segregate its constituents laterally. This capability is based on dynamic liquid—liquid immiscibility and.

[Audio] . [image] K. Simons and J.L. Sampaio Table 1. Correlation between lipid compositional complexity and cellular architecture and function Lipid composition Membrane properties Functionalities Bacteria Mainly PE and PG Robust Different shapes Membrane protein incorporation Yeast o' 4 SPs, GPs, and sterols Robust Different shapes Complex organelle morphology Membrane protein incorporation Membrane budding Vesicular trafficking Higher Organisms GPs, sterols, and tissue-specific SPs Robust Different shapes Complex organelle morphology Complex and specific cellular architecture Membrane protein incorporation Membrane budding Vesicular trafficking Specific functions depending on the cell type Sphingolipids (SPs) and sterols enable eukaryotic cellular membranes with the property ofvesicular trafficking important for the establishment and maintenance Of distinct organelles. Tissue-specific SPs in higher organisms enable the generation Of specific architecture and function.

[Audio] . [image] Figure 2. and domain-induced budding. Before proteins ( to various extatts ( I j. Clustering is induced, forexample, by the binding ofa dimerizing pmtein ( to a trans• membrane raft raft-associated proteins coalesce into a duster. Of the dustered raft domain b.ond a critical size induces budding Finally, a transport container consisting of raft "'m ponents pinchesoff from the parent membrane by fission at the domain boundariß. Additional protein machütay facilitate and regulate the budding proces (4). Cite this article as Cdd S"irv Harb n•rspect Bk'12011.

[Audio] Non-caveolar type Caveolar type. Phospholipid Sphingolipid Glycosphingolipid GPI•anchored protein Cholesterol Flotillins Caveolins Non-receptor glycoprotein Receptor protein Protein kinases.

[Audio] . [image] Actiw*d. dustered rats Lat* rah cluser Nmft in exoplasm e leaflet leaflet GPI-am:hcred DaHy •cyåat•ed raft Cytwlasrne protein that rafts raft protein that Two raft Figure 3. The tunabk states of rafts. rafts are dynamic. nanoscopic assan bliß of raft lipids and pro• teins that are metastabk (ie., persiq fora certain tüne Itopl). Ihe coupling between the outer and the inner katkt is not weu Most pmtans are either sokly in mic ( in q-toplmic (21), or amtain in to t}kir T MD A fourth group could undergo a conformational Change into nits (4 ) or follo%ing bind• ülg to Follcm•ing oligomerizat of raft proteins multivaknt ligands (6) or cytoplas- mic s ( 7) , the rft dcmains more stabk. They may am tain than of proteim. Th&• still a lim its of light olution, but could already fundi"' as signaling pl*forms. large raft clustersare probably only assembl«i when like phosphorylation the num of pmtan —protein to the Of clLBtcrs into luger domins thc scak of hLmdrcd (8) _.

[Audio] WHAT ARE EXOSOMES AND HOW ARE THEY CONNECTED TO LIPID RAFTS?.

[Audio] https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circresaha.114.300584.

[Audio] . Focus on the morphogenesis, fate and the role in tumor progression of multivesicular bodies | Cell Communication and Signaling | Full Text.

[Audio] . [image] Traffic The ft cot Of REVIEW Open Access The role of lipids in exosome biology and intercellular communication: Function, analytics and applications Javier Donoso.Quezada, Sergio Ayala.Mar, José Gonzalez-Valdez— Funding information: National Council on Science and Technology Of Mexico, Grant}Award Numbers: 830524, 99S3S4: School of Engineering and Science and the FEMSA.3iotechnology Center. GrantJAward Traffic Volume 22. Issue 7 July 2021 Pages 204-220 o Inform Nior References Recommended Number: 0020209113 SECTIONS Abstract PDF TOOLS SHARE Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that in recent years have received special attention for their regulatory functions in numerous biological processes. Recent evidence suggests a correlation between the composition of exosomes in body fluids and the progression of some disorders, such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. In consequence, numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the composition Of these vesicles, aiming to develop new biomarkers for diagnosis and to find novel therapeutic targets. On their part, lipids represent one of the most important components of exosomes. with important structural and regulatory functions during exosome biogenesis, release, targeting and cellular uptake. Therefore, exosome lipidomics has emerged as an innovative discipline for the discovery Of novel lipid species with biomedical applications. This review summarizes the current knowledge about exosome lipids and their roles in exosome biology and intercellular communication. Furthermore, it presents the analytical procedures used in exosome lipidomics while emphasizing how this emerging discipline is providing new insights for future applications Of exosome lipids in biomedicine. Characterization of brain-derived extracellular vesicle lipids in Alzheimer's disease Huaqi Su. Yepy H. Rustam. Colin L. Masters, Enes Makalic, Catriona A. McLean, Andrew Hill, Kevin J. Barnham. Gavin E. Reid, Laura J. Vella Journal of Extracellular Vesicles High-resolution proteomic and lipidomic analysis Of exosomes and microvesicles from different cell sources Reka R Haraszti. Marie-Cecile Oidiot Ellen Sapp John Leszyk Scott A. Shaffer. Hannah E. Rockwell, Fei Niven R. Naraim Marian DiFiglia, Michael A Kiebish. Neil Aronin„ Anastasia Khvorova Journal of Extracellular Vesicles A comprehensive classification system for lipids Eoin Fahy, Shankar Subramaniam,.

[Audio] . The role of lipids in exosome biology and intercellular communication: Function, analytics and applications - Donoso‐Quezada - 2021 - Traffic - Wiley Online Library.

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