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According to  Elizabeth B. Hurlock  “Middle childhood extends from the age of six years to the time when individual become sexually mature.  At both its beginning and end , middle childhood is marked by conditions that profoundly affects a child’s personal and social adjustments.”

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According to  Erik Erikson  , “Children in middle childhood years learn to read and write, to do things on their own.teachers begin to take a important role  in child’s life as they teach the child specific skills” . It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will gain great significance. and will become a major source of the child’s self-esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society and begin to develop a sense of ends in their accomplishments.

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According to  Jean Piaget  , “ Children in middle childhood years are beginning a new experience that of formal education. Formal education begins at a time when children are beginning to think in new and more sophisticated ways”.   The children of 6-12 years of age are entering in a new stage of cognitive development where they are improving their logical skills. Children also make improvement in short term and long term memory.  Formal education  follows a time table , curriculum , exam preparation.  Imagination power is also developed. Start asking questions about each and everything . Curiosity increases Why? Where? When? How?

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According to  Sigmund Freud  , “ Middle childhood is the period of latency. It was thought that in these years of innocence and tranguity , children  simply refined the skills they acquired in early childhood”. 5  Stages  Oral ( birth - 1 year) Anal (1- 3 years) Phallic (3 - 6 years) Latent (7-12 years) Genital (13 - above) The middle childhood children rides bicycle without the help of extra/supporting wheels and can balance. Like in basketball the skills used are running , jumping , focusing , pressure of the hands , and brain capacity also increases in this age.

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Physical development   refers to the advancements and refinements of skills, or, we can say that  children’s abilities to use and control their bodies.

It relates to the growth and skill development of the body, including the brain, muscles, and senses. For example, childrens learn about the world as they develop their physical senses of sight, touch, smell, sound, and taste.

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At this age most girls experiences a preadolescent growth around 10-11 while most boys in 12-13. Children of this age group follows the same basic developmental patterns. Characterized by considerable variations in growth patterns.

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Physical development involves many different  factors : Height , Weight , appearance , visual , hearing. Primary school children undergo many different changes as they go through this stage of development. This could be caused by different factors both natural and environmental.

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During middle childhood ,  physical development involves ; Having good muscle control and coordination. Developing eye-hand coordination.  Having good personal hygiene. Being aware of safety habits.

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Physical Changes Girls and boys have similar body shapes until they reach puberty , the process whereby children sexually mature into teenagers and adults.

Ha•r
Change
Hair
Under-arrn H—r•
Breast Growth
Hip Growth
Ovaries
Pubic Hair
Menstruation

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After puberty , secondary sexual characteristics -  breasts, and curves in females , deeper voice and broad shoulders in males - makes distinguishing females from males much.

Skin gets oilier
Shoulders get wider
Hair under the arms
Pubic Hairs
Neck, chest and leg
muscles get bigger
and Stronger
Facial hair
Penis get longer
and wider and testes
get larger
rnALE
Whole body gets Curvier
Skin gets oilier
Hair under the arms
Breasts starts
to develop
Hip bones wider
Pubic hairs
Weight gain on hips
leg muscles get bigger
and stronger

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As the girls enter puberty, they may be considerably larger than the boys of same age , who enter puberty a few years later.  In middle childhood girls are smaller than boys and have less muscle mass.

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Bones lengthen. Muscles becomes flexible.  An average increase in  height of  a little over 2 to 3 inches a year in both boys and girls.  Lower portion of body growing Fastest.

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II.  Nutrition and Sleep  essential for normal growth and health  2, 400 calories each day 5 years old – 11 hours  9 years old – 10 hours   13 years old – 9 hours

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Nutrition Problems in Middle Childhood  Little focus on eating   Fewer meals with family Too few fruits and vegetable Too many fried foods and soft drinks Poverty - lack of nutritional food

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Brain and nervous system developments continue during middle childhood. Brain functioning may also change because of an increase in androgens (male sex hormones) that occurs in both boys and girls around age 7 to 8.

III.  Brain and Nervous System Development

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A growth spurt occurs in the brain so that by age 8 or 9 , the organ is nearly adult - size. Brain development is characterized by growth of specific structures , especially  the frontal lobes.

(a) Lateral view
Frontal
lobe
Olfactory
bulb
Precentral
gyrus
Central
sulcus
Sylvian
fissure
O
Temporal
lobe
Postcentral
gyrus
Parietal
lobe
Occipital
lobe
Cerebellum

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Frontal lobe is the most anterior (front) part of the brain. It extends from the area behind the forehead back to the precentral gyrus. Frontal lobe is responsible for the  higher cognitive functions such as memory , emotions , impulse control , problem solving , social interaction , and motor functions.

FRONTAL LOBE SUBSTRUCTURES
mo+$Øf4u
yefronucrkx

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Lobes are responsible for  Voluntary movements or Activity Planning  Reasoning Social judgement Ethical decision making

The Human Brain
PrælL&
Suppress,"' socially inapproptlite behavior
Predicts consequences of actions
Plays a tole in the ch0iCt
between good and
bad Etions.
Assists With the perception and
interpretation of nund
Plays a role in the recognition of oblecti
and visual memory
Allows the transfer of information
between the brain and hdl
Plays a tole in automatic functions
such as the heattbeat and bteath•ng,
ASSiStS With the intetptetjti0ft Of touch,
Plays a tole in the knowledge Of
numbers and thet relationships.
Helps with the understanding of
objects. shapes, and space
00 •
Processes and makes
sense Of visual
Information.
Plays a mapr role •n balance
and voluntary motot Skllls:

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The most anterior portion of frontal lobe is the prefrontal cortex , which is responsible for  personality.  As the size of Frontal lobe increases , children are able to engage in increasingly difficult cognitive tasks.

Prefrontal
cortex
Mediål
refrontal cor ex
Ventromedial
prefrontal cortex
Amygdala

Physical development in middle childhood

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