Stages in the Apprehension of Concepts for Knowledge to Be Possible

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[Audio] Stages in the Apprehension of Concepts for Knowledge to Be Possible Three Major Stages: Perception Abstraction Judgment.

[Audio] 1. Perception Involves an activity that does not make us different from animals Animals also perceive their surroundings and the things around them..

[Audio] Types of Perception External perception: happens when we perceive using our five senses.

[Audio] Percept – the result of the process of external perception Immediate products of the external perception.

[Audio] Internal perception: happens when you use your imagination and memory.

[Audio] From these percepts, you could close your eyes and use your imagination and memory to recreate the percept Image or phantasm – the result of internal perception.

[Audio] 2. Abstraction A stage that distinguishes us from animals Described as simple apprehension or conception (Charles Coppens, S J ).

[Audio] Simple apprehension: is the act of perceiving the object intellectually without affirming or denying anything concerning it. To apprehend – take hold of things as if with the hand As an act of the mind – an intellectual grasping of an object Involves the use of intellect We grasp what is universal among the different particulars that we have observed from perception.

[Audio] To apprehend: take hold of things as if with the hand an intellectual grasping of an object Grasping what is universal among the different particulars that we have observed from perception..

[Audio] Example Abstracting what is universal or essential for something to be called a chair Different kinds of chair in the world, through apprehension you would grasp the concept of a chair Allows you to apply the concept of the chair and identify other chairs that you would see in the future.

[image] •Concepts — the result of the process of abstraction, or simple apprehension or conception •Exist in the mind.

[image] •Mind or intellect: responsible for the formation of concepts. •We perceive only particulars in the world. •Mind has capacity of constructing concepts as general terms (chair) •Even abstract concepts like love or beauty.

[image] •Mere auditory percept of these abstract concepts, enables one to form concept without having internal perception. •Need not have an image of 'democracy' or 'love' to form these abstract concepts.

[Audio] Justice Lady in blindfold holding a weighing scale as representation of justice Justice is more than the image or phantasm used to represent it..

[Audio] A child may not be able to answer adequately the question: “What is love or democracy or justice?”..

[Audio] Concepts – building blocks of knowledge. You need to put the blocks together for knowledge to be possible. Concepts do not have truth value..

[Audio] Andresito E Acuña Concepts could either be vague or precise; sufficient or insufficient, Neither true nor false. No truth value because you have not made any claim regarding your concept When words express concepts – terms.

Examples of Concepts. Justice Love Peace Freedom.

[Audio] 3. Judgment The stage where we make knowledge claim Taking at least two concepts and put them together in order to make a statement or proposition that could either be true or false about the world..

[Audio] With judgment, you are affirming or denying something about the concept. You may be pronouncing an agreement or disagreement between these two concepts..

[Audio] Example Concept of blue Concept of sky Statement: “The sky is blue.”.

[Audio] Constitutes in making a knowledge claim that is either true or false about the world Truth value of the claim depends on the time and the weather of that day..

[Audio] Statement or Proposition – the result of the judgment process It completes the act of the mind for knowledge to be possible..

[Audio] If concepts are building blocks, you need statement to cement them together in order to build or construct an argument..

[Audio] This reflects the process of reasoning. From this stage, accumulation of knowledge and information and the construction of arguments are now possible..

Sentences and Statements. Pen placed on top of a signature line.

[Audio] Concepts put together are expressed in sentences. Sentences – used to express the concepts that are put together..

[Audio] Five Types of Sentences Declarative: meant to express a statement Interrogative: meant to ask questions Imperative: meant to issue a command Expletive: meant to issue a wish Exclamatory: meant to express surprise.

[Audio] Sentences have no truth value. Uttered as the verbal means of communicating Used to express commands, questions, emotions like surprise or pleasure, and wishes.

[Audio] Example: Interrogative sentence What time is it? There is no point in asking whether or not it is true or false. There is no claim being made about the world Nonsensical to include an issue about truth or falsity..

[Audio] Example: Exclamatory sentence Ouch! Nonsensical to ask question whether it is true or false.

[Audio] Declarative Sentence Statement that has the element of truth or falsity Has knowledge claim being made in the statement.

[Audio] The same statement can be expressed using different sentences. Example: Romeo loves Juliet. Juliet is loved by Romeo..

Analytic statements Empirical statement. Types of Statements - David Hume.

[Audio] Analytic Statements Truth and falsity of the statement could be found within the statement itself. No need to go outside of the statement to search whether the claim is true or false.

[Audio] Example: ‘A bachelor is an unmarried male of marriageable age.’ No need to check for its truth or falsity The statement is true. Key terms contained within the statement The statement is a definition of a bachelor..

[Audio] Denying the statement: ‘A bachelor is not an unmarried male.’ This statement would lead to absurdity and contradiction. You are denying its definition..

[Audio] Definitions and their derivatives are considered as tautologous. ‘No bachelors has a mother in law.’ Statements whose truths are contained within itself. Tautology – the saying of the same thing twice over in different words.

[Audio] The predicate could be seen as being contained in the subject. It means you have not given additional information that is contingent or dependent on the state of the affairs of the world..

[Audio] ‘A kitten is a young cat. True by definition ‘The kitten is on the mat.’ Truth depends on whether or not the current state affairs actually obtains in the world..

[Audio] To discover truth and falsity, you have to analyze the terms or concepts contained within the analytic statement..

[Audio] The denial of an analytic statement would lead to absurdity and contradiction. It is absurd to deny that, ‘The sum of two and three is not five.’.

[Audio] Analytic statements are also known as: Truths of language Truths of reason ‘is’ of identity A priori (based on theoretical deduction rather than empirical observation) Matters of logic Formal statements.

[Audio] Empirical Statements Different from analytic statements Truth or falsity depend on the state of affairs being claimed.

[Audio] Empirical Statements Knowledge claim is not dependent on definitions or tautologous statements whose truths are contained within itself..

[Audio] Truth or falsity being claimed rests on its correspondence with the facts or with the current state of affairs being claimed..

[Audio] ‘The sky is blue.’ Truth depends on the additional information or claim being made. Truth or falsity would depend on whether or not the state affairs being described actually obtains at the moment..

[Audio] ‘The kitten is not on the mat.’ Denial of an empirical statement would not lead to absurdity and contradiction. Because the state of affairs that will be described is one of the possibilities or contingencies happening in the empirical world..

[Audio] You are not appealing to definitions in making claim. You are adding contingent information in the world about the kitten..