Name: Learning theories
Uploaded: 2024-04-20
Duration: 9 min 41 s
Description: Today we will unravel the mysteries of learning theories.

[Audio] Today we will unravel the mysteries of learning theories. 

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[image] School desk with books and pencils with chalkboard in background

[Audio] Learning is defined as “a process that brings together personal and environmental experiences and influences for acquiring enriching or modifying one’s knowledge skills values attitudes behavior and world views”. 

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Learning is defined as “a process that brings together personal and environmental experiences and influences for acquiring, enriching or modifying one’s knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, behavior and world views”

Behaviorism Connectivism Humanism Cognitive Constructivism. 

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Learning theories develop hypotheses that describe how this process takes place

Behaviorism
Connectivism
Humanism
Cognitive
Constructivism

[Audio] Behaviorism theory emerged in the early 20th century and focuses on observable and measurable behaviors.
It holds that the behavior is shaped by environmental factors ( rewards & punishments )
Behaviorists believe that by understanding and manipulating these factors they can change or modify behavior in predictable ways. 

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[image] Applying Behaviourism In The 21st Century Classroom

It emerged in the early 20th century and focuses on observable and measurable behaviors.
It holds that the behavior is shaped by environmental factors ( rewards & punishments )
Behaviorists believe that by understanding and manipulating these factors they can change or modify behavior in predictable ways

BEHAVIORISM LEARNING THEORY Studies measurable and observable behaviors that are repeated until automatic Guide Students in mastering a set Of predictable skills Or behaviors Create measureable learning outcomes Memory is hardwired by repeated experiences tangible rewards and informative feedback Best with task-based learning. 

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Newborn mind is like a blank slate that learn by observing the behavior of others, whether adults and authority figures or friends and peers their own age.
Best for facts and procedures.
Focus on standards.
Guides the learner towards a predetermined goal

BEHAVIORISM LEARNING THEORY
Studies measurable and observable
behaviors that are repeated
until automatic
Guide Students in mastering
a set Of predictable skills Or behaviors
Create measureable learning outcomes
Memory is hardwired by
repeated experiences
tangible rewards
and informative feedback
Best with task-based learning

[Audio] To implement this type of learning we need a reward system and assign more points for some activities than others students are reinforced for putting their efforts into the correct priorities.
We give students ongoing feedback to point out what they’re doing well and where they need improvement. 

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[image] Light bulb on yellow background with sketched light beams and cord

Implement a classroom reward system. Assign more points for some activities than others, students are reinforced for putting their efforts into the correct priorities. Give students ongoing feedback to point out what they’re doing well and where they need improvement

[Audio] Cognitive theory of learning is the process through which individuals gain knowledge and understanding through thought experience and the senses. It emphasizes the role of mental processes in acquiring and organizing knowledge. This approach focuses on the active involvement of the leaner in the learning process
The human mind is like the computer where the information comes in processed then leads to certain outcomes.. 

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[image] Scan of a human brain in a neurology clinic

The human mind is like the computer, where the information comes in, processed then leads to certain outcomes.

Is the process through which individuals gain knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. It emphasizes the role of mental processes in acquiring and organizing knowledge. This approach focuses on the active involvement of the leaner in the learning process

Cognitivism Learning Theories: A teachers guide. undefined. 

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Cognitivism Learning Theories: A teachers guide

Cognitive learning theory: benefits and examples. 

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Cognitive learning theory: benefits and examples

[Audio] How Ideas enters the brain and they are organized with chunking away useless material and segmenting information into fragment to reduce the redundance and hence enhancing beneficial knowledge. 

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[image] What happens in the brain when we imagine the future Penn Today

Cognitive load

        Learning retention

[Audio] Examples of cognitive learning are problem solving concept mapping and hypothesising. 

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Problem Solving

 Tackling challenges by applying knowledge & critical thinking.

 Concept Mapping

 Visually organizing and representing relationships between ideas.

 Hypothesizing

 Making educated guesses based on prior knowledge and observations

HOW TEACHERS CAN USE COGNITIVE THEORY IN THE CLASSROOM? - Oswaal Books – Oswaal Books and Learning Pvt Ltd. 

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HOW TEACHERS CAN USE COGNITIVE THEORY IN THE CLASSROOM? - Oswaal Books –  Oswaal Books and Learning Pvt Ltd

For introducing new information, teacher uses old information. Exposes the students to underlying interrelationships to help students come with new conclusions Using both text & picture or sound while instructing gives the student better chance for remembering. Using technology. Use graphics & schematic way. Give opportunities to the students to be active. 

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For introducing new information, teacher uses old information. Exposes the students to underlying interrelationships to help students come with new conclusions Using both text & picture or sound while instructing gives the student better chance for remembering. Using technology.  Use graphics & schematic way. Give opportunities to the students to be active

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[Audio] Another theory much in practice is constructivism. It is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that by reflecting on our experiences we construct our own understanding of the world we live in.
It is “based on a type of learning in which the learner forms or construct much of what she learns or comprehend. 

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[image] Constructivism in the Arts and Humanities Epic Learning Team

Constructivism is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences,  we  construct our  own  understanding  of the world we live in. It is “based on a type of learning in which the learner forms, or construct much of what she learns or comprehend

[Audio] Constructivism is the idea that learning doesn’t just happen by the traditional methods of teachers standing in front of the class and lecturing
It is best described by Confucius’ quote: “I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.”. 

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Constructivism is the idea that learning doesn’t  just  happen  by  the  traditional methods of teachers standing in front of the class and lecturing.

It is best described by Confucius’ quote: “I hear, and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.”

Jean Piaget Developed the cognitive learning theory Felt children were “active learners” who constructed new knowledge “as they moved through different cognitive stages, building on what they already knew”

Jerome Bruner: Very influential psychologist.His concern with cognitive psychology “led to a particular interest in the cognitive development of children… and just what the appropriate forms of education might be”

Lev Vygotsky □Developed the social cognition theory which “asserts that culture is the prime determinant of individual development” because humans are the only creatures to have created cultures and therefore it effects our learning development.

[Audio] What was said about constructivism
Vygotsky theorized that a child’s cultural upbringing greatly effects their learning development
John Dewey Believed that learning should be engaging to the students… they will learn better if they are interested. 

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Vygotsky  Theorized that a child’s cultural upbringing greatly effects their learning development.

Believed	that	learning	should	be	engaging	to	the

students… they will learn better if they are interested. Was a huge influence on our education system Believed in “educating the whole child, physically, 	mentally, and socially, and not just on the dispensation of facts and information”

[Audio] Piaget also theorised the cognition into 4 stages
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational. 

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“learning takes place primarily through the child’s senses and motor actions”
 Preoperational
 “children begin to use symbols and images”

Concrete Operational
 “children begin to think logically”
 Formal Operational

[image] o
Children begin to think in an abstract
way

[Audio] What is the Role of learner?
“Inferences elaborations and relationships between old perceptions and new ideas must be personally drawn by the student for the new idea to become an integrated useful part of his/her memory.
In the classroom students must work on building upon the knowledge they already have.
What is the role of instructor?
“prompt students to formulate their own questions”
“allow multiple interpretations and expressions of learning”
“encourage group work and the use of peers as resources”. 

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Role of learner □In the classroom, students must work on building upon the knowledge they already have. “Inferences, elaborations, and relationships between old perceptions and new ideas must be personally drawn by the student for the new idea to become an integrated, useful part of his/her memory

Some examples of things I would do in my classroom:

Inquiry: “prompt students to formulate their own questions” Multiple intelligences: “allow multiple interpretations and expressions of learning” Collaborative learning: “encourage group work and the use of peers as resources”

[Audio] Another theory we have is of Connectivism
Connectivism as a pedagogical theory is typically thought of in terms of networks the making and traversing of connections.
Unlike traditional educational modalities in which people work collaboratively.
In a connectivism model people work cooperatively.. 

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Connectivism as a pedagogical theory is typically thought of in  terms  of networks  the making and traversing of connections. Unlike traditional educational modalities, in which people work collaboratively,	in a connectivism model, people work cooperatively.

Everything About The Connectivism Learning Theory -

[Audio] Dilenbourgh in 1995 make a distinction between cooperation and collaboration.
He stated that Collaboration is where everybody works together in a coordinated fashion on a single objective while Cooperation is when people work independently on individual objectives but in a shared environment or with shared resources. 

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Collaboration: everybody works together in a coordinated fashion on a single objective

 Cooperation: people work independently on individual objectives, but in a shared environment or with shared resources

Introductory article: http://spomocnik.rvp.cz/clanek/14151/

Dilenbourgh et al (1995)make a distinction between cooperation and collaboration. They define cooperative work as"... accomplished by the division of labor among participants, as an activity where each person is responsible for a portion of the problem solving..." They define collaboration as "...mutual engagement of participants in a coordinated effort to solve the problem together"

[Audio] What is The Effect of Connectivism?
School becomes personal learning
There is not a single body of content to be learned
Students learn not the same thing but different things
The emphasis is on the communication and interaction
The process is what Papert called ‘constructionism’. 

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School becomes personal learning There is not a single body of content to be learned Students learn not the same thing but different things The	emphasis	is	on	the	communication	and interaction The process is what Papert called ‘constructionism’

This is essentially the task of the instructor (among many other roles) Similar to the process of building a MOOC 	Support for the various stages of connectivist learning: aggregate, remix, repurpose, feed forward

Connectivism:. New instructional media, web software and design http://www.synergic3.com Open educational content, content repositories and content syndication: http://www.downes.ca/news/OLDaily.htm Design and development of massive open online courses http://change.mooc.ca Semantic web and structured descriptions : network theory as it applies to the design of learning environments. 

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New instructional media, web software and design http://www.synergic3.com

 Open educational content, content repositories and content syndication: http://www.downes.ca/news/OLDaily.htm

 Design and development of massive open online courses http://change.mooc.ca

 Semantic web and structured descriptions : network theory as it applies to the design of learning environments

[Audio] Connectivism enables people to pursue their own personal interests in their own way but more importantly open educational resources or O-E-R-s have become the medium of communication. We need to view O-E-R-s not as resources created by publishers at great cost but as created by learners to interact with each other
The role of professionals and publishers becomes the production of ‘seed OERs’. 

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The Importance of Open Educational Resources

Enables people to pursue their own personal interests in their own way 	But, more importantly, OERs or open educational resources have become the medium of communication 	We need to view OERs, not as resources created by publishers at great cost, but as created by learners to interact with each other 	The role of professionals and publishers becomes the production of ‘seed OERs’

[Audio] If we look at our education we realise that education is not about remembering a body of predefined content It is about the citizens communicating what they know with each other If follows that O-E-R-s are necessary for this democratic vision of education The owners of education are the citizens of a society not the governments and corporations. 

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Education	is not about  remembering	a body of predefined content 	It is about the citizens communicating what they know with each other 	If follows that OERs are necessary for this democratic vision of education 	The owners of education are the citizens of a society, not the governments and corporations

[Audio] Lastly we have the theory of humanism. As the great scholar and poet of the last century Rabindranath Tagore rightly said:
Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.
Where knowledge is free Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls.
Happiness will come from building a bond amongst the society with the help of a sustainable value.. 

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It is about building a bond amongst the society with the help of a sustainable value.

Where the mind is without fear, and the head is held high. Where knowledge is free, Where the world has not been broken up into fragments  by narrow domestic walls.                 -Rabindra Nath Tagore

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REFERENCES. Suzanne M.Wilson, Penelope L.Peterson.Theories of Learning and Teaching What Do They Mean for Educators? National Education Association;July 2006; https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Theories_of_learning_and_teaching.html?id=5kEmAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y https://www.unesco.org/en/transforming-lives-through-education https://india.un.org/en/162946-education-not-learning-facts-training-minds-think Brooks, Jaqueline, and Martin Brooks. "Constructivism." Funderstanding: Education and Training for Active Learners. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.funderstanding.com/content/constructivism>. Cashman, Thomas J., Glenda A. Gunter, Randolph E. Gunter, and Gary B. Shelly. Teachers Discovering Computers: Integrating Technology and Digital Media in the Classroom, Fourth Edition (Shelly Cashman Series). 4 ed. Cambridge: Course Technology, 2005. Print. "Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning." THIRTEEN. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2010. <http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index_sub2.html>. Hanley, Susan. "On Constructivism." Townson. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <www.towson.edu/csme/mctp/Essays/Constructivism.txt>. Smith, Mark. " jerome bruner and the process of education ." contents @ the informal education homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.infed.org/thinkers/bruner.htm>. "Vygotsky and Social Cognition." Funderstanding: Education and Training for Active Learners. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.funderstanding.com/content/vygotsky-and-social-cognition>. Papert and Freire on the Future of School http://www.papert.org/articles/freire/freirePart1.html. 

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Suzanne M.Wilson, Penelope L.Peterson.Theories of Learning and Teaching What Do They Mean for Educators? National Education Association;July 2006; https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Theories_of_learning_and_teaching.html?id=5kEmAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y https://www.unesco.org/en/transforming-lives-through-education https://india.un.org/en/162946-education-not-learning-facts-training-minds-think Brooks, Jaqueline, and Martin Brooks. "Constructivism." Funderstanding: Education and Training for Active Learners. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.funderstanding.com/content/constructivism>. Cashman, Thomas J., Glenda A. Gunter, Randolph E. Gunter, and Gary B. Shelly. Teachers Discovering Computers: Integrating Technology and Digital Media in the Classroom, Fourth Edition (Shelly Cashman Series). 4 ed. Cambridge: Course Technology, 2005. Print. "Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning."  THIRTEEN. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2010. <http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index_sub2.html>. Hanley, Susan. "On Constructivism." Townson. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <www.towson.edu/csme/mctp/Essays/Constructivism.txt>. Smith, Mark. " jerome bruner and the process of education ." contents @ the informal education homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.infed.org/thinkers/bruner.htm>. "Vygotsky and Social Cognition." Funderstanding: Education and Training for Active Learners. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.funderstanding.com/content/vygotsky-and-social-cognition>. Papert and Freire on the Future of School http://www.papert.org/articles/freire/freirePart1.html

Learning theories

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Today we will unravel the mysteries of learning theories

avatar

Learning is defined as “a process that brings together personal and environmental experiences and influences for acquiring
 enriching or modifying one’s knowledge
 skills
 values
 attitudes
 behavior and world views”

Behaviorism theory emerged in the early 20th century and focuses on observable and measurable behaviors.
It holds that the behavior is shaped by environmental factors ( rewards & punishments )
Behaviorists believe that by understanding and manipulating these factors they can change or modify behavior in predictable ways

To implement this type of learning we need a reward system and assign more points for some activities than others
 students are reinforced for putting their efforts into the correct priorities.
We give students ongoing feedback to point out what they’re doing well and where they need improvement

Cognitive theory of learning is the process through which individuals gain knowledge and understanding through thought
 experience
 and the senses. It emphasizes the role of mental processes in acquiring and organizing knowledge. This approach focuses on the active involvement of the leaner in the learning process
The human mind is like the computer
 where the information comes in
 processed then leads to certain outcomes.

How Ideas enters the brain and they are organized with chunking away useless material and segmenting information into fragment to reduce the redundance  and hence enhancing beneficial knowledge

Examples of cognitive learning are problem solving
 concept mapping and hypothesising

Another theory much in practice is constructivism. It is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that
 by reflecting on our experiences
 we construct our own understanding of the world we live in.
It is “based on a type of learning in which the learner forms
 or construct much of what she learns or comprehend

Constructivism is the idea that learning doesn’t  just  happen  by  the  traditional methods of teachers standing in front of the class and lecturing
It is best described by Confucius’ quote: “I hear
 and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.”

What was said about constructivism
Vygotsky theorized that a child’s cultural upbringing greatly effects their learning development
John Dewey Believed that learning should be engaging to the students… they will learn better if they are interested

Piaget also theorised the cognition into 4 stages
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

What is the Role of learner?
“Inferences
 elaborations
 and relationships between old perceptions and new ideas must be personally drawn by the student for the new idea to become an integrated
 useful part of his/her memory.
In the classroom
 students must work on building upon the knowledge they already have.
What is the role of instructor?
“prompt students to formulate their own questions”
“allow multiple interpretations and expressions of learning”
“encourage group work and the use of peers as resources”

Another theory we have is of Connectivism
Connectivism as a pedagogical theory is typically thought of in  terms  of networks  the making and traversing of connections.
Unlike traditional educational modalities
 in which people work collaboratively.
In a connectivism model
 people work cooperatively.

Dilenbourgh in 1995 make a distinction between cooperation and collaboration.
He stated that Collaboration is where everybody works together in a coordinated fashion on a single objective while Cooperation is when people work independently on individual objectives
 but in a shared environment or with shared resources

 Introductory article: http://spomocnik.rvp.cz/clanek/14151/

slide21-hotlink4

What is The Effect of Connectivism?
School becomes personal learning
There is not a single body of content to be learned
Students learn not the same thing but different things
The emphasis is on the communication and interaction
The process is what Papert called ‘constructionism’

 New instructional media, web software and design http://www.synergic3.com

 Open educational content, content repositories and content syndication: http://www.downes.ca/news/OLDaily.htm

 Design and development of massive open online courses http://change.mooc.ca

 Semantic web and structured descriptions : network theory as it applies to the design of learning environments

slide23-hotlink3

Connectivism enables people to pursue their own personal interests in their own way
 but
 more importantly
 open educational resources or O-E-R-s have become the medium of communication. We need to view O-E-R-s
 not as resources created by publishers at great cost
 but as created by learners to interact with each other
The role of professionals and publishers becomes the production of ‘seed OERs’

If we look at our education we realise that education is not about  remembering a body of predefined content
	It is about the citizens communicating what they know with each other
	If follows that O-E-R-s are necessary for this democratic vision of education
	The owners of education are the citizens of a society
 not the governments and corporations

Lastly we have the theory of humanism. As the great scholar and poet of the last century Rabindranath Tagore rightly said:
Where the mind is without fear

and the head is held high.
Where knowledge is free

Where the world has not been broken up into fragments 
by narrow domestic walls.
Happiness will come from building a bond amongst the society with the help of a sustainable value.

 Suzanne M.Wilson, Penelope L.Peterson.Theories of Learning and Teaching What Do They Mean for Educators? National Education Association;July 2006; https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Theories_of_learning_and_teaching.html?id=5kEmAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y https://www.unesco.org/en/transforming-lives-through-education https://india.un.org/en/162946-education-not-learning-facts-training-minds-think Brooks, Jaqueline, and Martin Brooks. "Constructivism." Funderstanding: Education and Training for Active Learners. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.funderstanding.com/content/constructivism>. Cashman, Thomas J., Glenda A. Gunter, Randolph E. Gunter, and Gary B. Shelly. Teachers Discovering Computers: Integrating Technology and Digital Media in the Classroom, Fourth Edition (Shelly Cashman Series). 4 ed. Cambridge: Course Technology, 2005. Print. "Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning."  THIRTEEN. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2010. <http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index_sub2.html>. Hanley, Susan. "On Constructivism." Townson. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <www.towson.edu/csme/mctp/Essays/Constructivism.txt>. Smith, Mark. " jerome bruner and the process of education ." contents @ the informal education homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.infed.org/thinkers/bruner.htm>. "Vygotsky and Social Cognition." Funderstanding: Education and Training for Active Learners. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.funderstanding.com/content/vygotsky-and-social-cognition>. Papert and Freire on the Future of School http://www.papert.org/articles/freire/freirePart1.html 