La Liga Filipina:

La Liga Filipina:. P R E S E N T E D B Y J A D E D A N I E L L E M A R I E G . P I.

Karl Robert L. Jandoc. Education: Ph.D. in Economics, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, August 2016 M.A . in Economics, University of the Philippines School of Economics, June 2006 Present Position: Assistant Professor of Economics and Graduate Director, University of the Philippines School of Economics (UPSE), August 2016-Present Notable Works / Contributions : La Liga Filipina: Rizal and Institutional Change Do Mothers’ Status, Autonomy and Parenting Style Influence their Children’s Initiation into Smoking and Alcohol Use? Does Quality of Electricity Matter? Household-Level Evidence from the Philippines. Worker’s Earnings in the Philippines: Comparing Self- employment with Wage Employment.

I N T R O D U C T I O N. Rizal held an appointment on July 3 , 1892 , in a house in Tondo owned by Doroteo Ongjungco , a freemason . About 30 people were present — a mélange of Filipino intellectuals like Rizal , businessmen and property owners like Ongjungco and Ambrosio Salvador , and future revolutionaries like Deodato Arellano and Andres Bonifacio . The agenda of that evening ’ s meeting was to craft the clandestine society La Liga Filipina ( henceforth , the Liga ). All who were present unanimously accepted the Liga and its statutes . Three days later , on July 6 , 1892 , Rizal was arrested , and by the next day , the order for his deportation leaked in the press . A week later , on July 15 , he was aboard the Cebu on his way to Dapitan . The spirit of the Liga died at the same time the ship softly slipped away in the darkness toward the southern horizon ..

Historians who debated the true aims of the Liga.

O . D . Corpuz , calls the Liga the “ Bridge to the Katipunan .” Rizal had designed its statutes so that the society would rest on popular base . This base would be made up of people ’ s councils , organized by pueblos or districts . [ Corpuz 2006 : 249 ] R i z a l ’ s b i o g r a p h e r L e o n M a . G u e rr e r o e c h o e d t h e i d e a o f t h e L i g a b e i n g a revolutionary association . But were these aims wholly innocuous ? Union where Spain ruled by disunion Mutual protection — against whom ? Defense against all violence and injustice from whom ? Development of education , agriculture and commerce — for what purpose ? “ To gain men and money ?” Study and application of reforms — how , when the Liga was not the government ? [ Guerrero 2007 : 331 ].

R i z a l ’ s B ri t i s h b i o g r a p h e r , A u s t i n C o a t e s , b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e L i g a ’ s i n t e n t i o n s were less radical . The programme that had evolved … was in fact a logical sequence : first , to employ as a last resource the peaceful methods of the Liga Filipina , in which he did not fully believe ; afterwards to counsel and plan for revolution , which he believed to be inevitable . It is quite possible that [ Rizal ] knew all along that the Liga could not succeed , but pursued it nonetheless , partly as a final proof to Spain of his pacific intentions , partly to allow a little more time in which to produce an extraneous change or event which might make armed revolution suddenly practicable and sure of success . [ Coates 1992 : 220 ].

NOTE :. La Liga Filipina was Rizal ’ s first national and popular attempt to foster institutional change — to change the “ rules of the game ” in both the economic and political spheres . Its primary aim was to make the country rich . That it may lead to revolution was secondary . Rizal believed that a change in institutions would pave the way for economic advancement and by it the Philippines could attain and be worthy of her liberties . “ My dream was my country ’ s prosperity ,” he declared , because “ with a prosperous and enlightened people , liberties would not have to wait .”.

Institutions and Their Effects on Economic Performance.

Institutions and Their Effects on Economic Performance.

Institutions and Their Effects on Economic Performance.

Institutions and Their Effects on Economic Performance.

Institutions and Their Effects on Economic Performance.

The Liga as a response to existing institutions.

I . Uniting the whole archipelago. Rizal laments that “ a man in the Philippines is only an individual ; he is not a member of a nation ” [ 2011 ( 1890a ): 262 ]. Nationalism is defined as a condition of mind , feeling , or sentiment of a group of people living in a well - defined geographical area , speaking a common language , possessing a literature in which the aspirations of the nation have been expressed , attached to common traditions and common customs , venerating its own heroes , and , in some cases , having a common religion . [ Snyder 1954 ] The task of uniting the whole archipelago is daunting. Here are the reasons why. There are more than a hundred Philippine languages [ McFarland 1996 ]. There are more than 20 major and minor indigenous ethnic groups in the country with their own literature , traditions , customs , heroes , and religions . Enmity between some of these ethnic groups has survived to the present day . The archipelagic feature of the country , coupled with poor infrastructure and communication , rendered some segments of the population inaccessible both physically and in terms of receiving information ..