Knowledge Module Guide (1)

[Audio] Qualification Title: Occupational Certificate: 93626 -Occupational Certificate: Boilermaker Credits: 395 N-Q-F level: 04 Knowledge Module 06 Guide 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 (9) 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 1.

[Audio] Welcome to the programme Follow along in the guide as the training practitioner takes you through the material. Make notes and sketches that will help you to understand and remember what you have learnt. Take notes and share information with your colleagues. Important and relevant information and skills are transferred by sharing! The main focus of the learning in this knowledge module is to provide the learner with an understanding of the principles of engineering drawings and sketches, the dimensions applicable to the drawings and sketches and the calculations, measurements and codes by which such drawings are produced. This learning programme is divided into sections. Each section is preceded by a description of the required outcomes and assessment criteria as contained in the curriculum. These descriptions will define what you have to know and be able to do in order to be awarded the credits attached to this learning programme. These credits are regarded as building blocks towards achieving the Qualification upon successful assessment and can never be taken away from you! Programme methodology The programme methodology includes facilitator presentations, readings, individual activities, group discussions and skill application exercises. Know what you want to get out of the programme from the beginning and start applying your new skills immediately. Participate as much as possible so that the learning will be interactive and stimulating. The following principles were applied in designing the course: ✓ Because the course is designed to maximise interactive learning, you are encouraged and required to participate fully during the group exercises ✓ As a learner you will be presented with numerous problems and will be required to fully apply your mind to finding solutions to problems before being presented with the course presenter’s solutions to the problems ✓ Through participation and interaction the learners can learn as much from each other as they do from the course presenter ✓ Although learners attending the course may have varied degrees of experience in the subject matter, the course is designed to ensure that all delegates complete the course with the same level of understanding ✓ Because reflection forms an important component of adult learning, some learning resources will be followed by a self assessment which is designed so that the learner will reflect on the material just completed. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 2.

[Audio] Different types of activities you can expect To accommodate your learning preferences, a variety of different types of activities are included in the formative and summative assessments. They will assist you to achieve the outcomes (correct results) and should guide you through the learning process, making learning a positive and pleasant experience. The table below provides you with more information related to the types of activities. Types of activities Description Purpose Knowledge Training You are required to complete these activities on your own. These activities normally test your understanding and ability to apply the information. Skills Application Activities You need to complete these activities in the workplace These activities require you to apply the knowledge and skills gained in the workplace Applied Knowledge You need to collect information and samples of documents from the workplace. These activities ensure you get the opportunity to learn from experts in the industry. Collecting examples demonstrates how to implement knowledge and skills in a practical way 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 3.

[Audio] Learner Administration Attendance Register You are required to sign the Attendance Register every day you attend training sessions facilitated by a facilitator. Programme Evaluation Form On completion you will be supplied with a “Learning programme Evaluation Form”. You are required to evaluate your experience in attending the programme. Please complete the form at the end of the programme, as this will assist us in improving our service and programme material. Your assistance is highly appreciated. Learner Support The responsibility of learning rests with you, so be proactive and ask questions and seek assistance and help from your facilitator, if required. Please remember that this learning programme is based on outcomes based education principles which implies the following: ✓ You are responsible for your own learning – make sure you manage your study, research and workplace time effectively. ✓ Learning activities are learner driven – make sure you use the Learner Guide and Formative Assessment Workbook in the manner intended, and are familiar with the workplace requirements. ✓ The Facilitator is there to reasonably assist you during contact, practical and workplace time for this programme – make sure that you have his/her contact details. ✓ You are responsible for the safekeeping of your completed Formative Assessment Workbook and Workplace Guide ✓ If you need assistance please contact your facilitator who will gladly assist you. ✓ If you have any special needs please inform the facilitator. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 4.

[Audio] Learner Expectations Please prepare the following information. You will then be asked to introduce yourself to the instructor as well as your fellow learners Your name The organisation you represent Your position in the organisation What do you hope to achieve by attending this programme / what are your expectations? 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 5.

[Audio] Range statements Remember: Also included in the Occupational Tasks are the range statements in support of the assessment criteria. The range statements indicate detailed requirements of the assessment criteria. The Knowledge Module The learner guide is included in this material under various learning units. The learner guide has been designed in such a manner that the learner is guided in a logical way through the learning material and requirements of the occupational Tasks. This proof or evidence can be in the format of certified copies (certificates) of previous learning programs that have been attended. All the evidence will be assessed and authenticated before a learner will be allowed to enrol for an R-P-L program. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 6.

[Audio] Icons used in this programme As you progress through the guide, you will encounter the following icons. These are used to indicate how you are expected to participate in the learning at that point. Icon Description Introduction to a topic Space available to make your own notes Important facts / hints / tips You will be required to perform an activity under the guidance of your facilitator Examples 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 7.

[Audio] Contents Welcome to the programme ................................................................................................. 2 Programme methodology ..................................................................................................... 2 Different types of activities you can expect .......................................................................... 3 Learner Administration ......................................................................................................... 4 Learner Support ................................................................................................................... 4 Learner Expectations ........................................................................................................... 5 1. Knowledge Training ................................................................................................. 10 1.1 KT0101 Explain and define plate, pipe and structural steel drawing concepts and terminology. ....................................................................................................................... 11 The Various Types of Structural Steel Shapes ............................................................. 11 American Standard Beam (S-Shaped) ................................................................................. 11 Angle (L-Shaped) ....................................................................................................................... 12 Bearing Pile (H-Shaped) .......................................................................................................... 12 Channel (C-Shaped) .................................................................................................................. 12 Tee ................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.2. KT0102 Explain and define concepts of basic geometry and unit of measurement. ... 13 What Is Geometry?.................................................................................................................... 13 No Dimensions ........................................................................................................................... 13 One Dimension ........................................................................................................................... 14 Basic Geometry Concepts Some basic geometry concepts, words and notations that you would need to know are points, lines, line segments, midpoints, rays, planes and space. ................................................................................................................................ 14 Points ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Line segments ........................................................................................................................ 16 Planes ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Space......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3. KT0103 Use scale of drawings. .................................................................................. 17 1.4. KT0104 Identify line types and the appropriate uses. ................................................ 18 Line types and their application ..................................................................................... 18 1.5. KT0105 Identify and describe projections such as first and third angle orthographic. 20 1.6. KT0106 Identify and describe dimensioning. .............................................................. 24 Ordinate Dimensions ................................................................................................................ 26 Arc Length Dimensions ........................................................................................................... 27 Baseline and Continued Dimensions ................................................................................... 27 1.7. KT0107 Demonstrate basic construction methods and techniques of drawings and development of components which may include forms and shapes of, pyramids, cylinders, cones, rectangular containers, support frames and holding devices. ................................ 28 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 8.

[Audio] 1. How to draw 3-D triangles .................................................................................................. 29 2. How to draw cubes ............................................................................................................... 30 3. How to draw a cylinder ........................................................................................................ 31 4. How to draw a sphere .......................................................................................................... 32 5. How to draw a cone .............................................................................................................. 33 Tips for drawing 3-D shapes .................................................................................................. 34 1.8. KT0108 Read and interpret basic plate, pipe and structural steel plate, pipe and structural steel drawings .................................................................................................... 35 1.9. KT0109 Produce freehand sketches and basic structural drawings using isometric and orthographic projection techniques, including hidden detail and single plane sectional views. ................................................................................................................................. 36 How to produce freehand sketch and basic structural drawings ........................................ 36 Annexure 1: Growth Action Plan ....................................................................................... 48 Annexure 2: Words that are new to me............................................................................. 49 Annexure 3: Training Evaluation ....................................................................................... 50 Annexure 4: Evaluation of Facilitator ................................................................................ 52 2. Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 53 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 9.

[Audio] 1. Knowledge Training Boilermaker’s drawings At the end of this module learners will be able to: Introduction 1. Explain and define plate, pipe and structural steel drawing concepts and terminology. 2. Explain and define concepts of basic geometry and unit of measurement. 3. Use scale of drawings. 4. Identify line types and the appropriate uses. 5. Identify and describe projections such as first and third angle orthographic. 6. Identify and describe dimensioning. 7. Demonstrate basic construction methods and techniques of drawings and development of components which may include forms and shapes of, pyramids, cylinders, cones, rectangular containers, support frames and holding devices. 8. Read and interpret basic plate, pipe and structural steel plate, pipe and structural steel drawings 9. Produce freehand sketches and basic structural drawings using isometric and orthographic projection techniques, including hidden detail and single plane sectional views. Conclusion Percentage (100%) 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 10.

[Audio] 1.1 Explain and define plate, pipe and structural steel drawing concepts and terminology. Define Structural steel Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a profile of a specific cross section. Structural steel shapes, sizes, chemical composition, mechanical properties such as strengths, storage practices, et cetera, are regulated by standards in most industrialized countries. Most structural steel shapes, such as I-beams, have high second moments of area, which means they are very stiff in respect to their cross sectional area and thus can support a high load without excessive sagging. The Various Types of Structural Steel Shapes Structural steel is one of the most flexible and versatile building materials on earth. Engineers have used structural steel to accomplish feats thought impossible, building massive skyscrapers and expansive bridges that have remained for hundreds of years. To grasp the full potential of structural steel, one must understand its various shapes, sizes, and potential uses. Here is an overview of the many faces of structural steel. American Standard Beam (S-Shaped) Generally known as an S beam, the American standard beam has a rolled section with two parallel flanges, all connected by a web. The flanges on S-shaped beams are relatively 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 11.

[Audio] narrow. The designation of the beam gives the builder information about each unit’s width and weight. For example, S12x50 represents a beam that’s 12 inches deep and weighs 50 pounds per foot. Angle (L-Shaped) Angle beams take an L shape, with two legs that come together at a 90-degree angle. Angle beams come in equal or unequal leg sizes. An unequal leg L beam may have one leg of 2x2x0.5 and one leg of 6x3x0.5, for example. L beams are typically used in floor systems because of the reduced structural depth. Bearing Pile (H-Shaped) When builders can’t find a structure on a shallow foundation, they use bearing piles to design a deep foundation system. Bearing piles are H-shaped to effectively transfer loads through the pile to the tip. Bearing piles work best in dense soils that offer most resistance at the tip. Individual piles can bear more than 1000 tons of weight. Channel (C-Shaped) Structural C channels, or C beams, have a C-shaped cross section. Channels have top and bottom flanges, with a web connecting them. C-shaped beams are cost effective solutions for short to medium span structures. Channel beams were originally designed for bridges, but are popular for use in marine piers and other building applications. Hollow Steel Section (H-S-S--) H-S-S is a metal profile that has a hollow, tubular cross section. H-S-S units can be square, rectangular, circular, or elliptical. H-S-S structures are rounded, with radiuses that are about twice the thickness of the wall. Engineers commonly use H-S-S sections in welded steel frames for which unit’s experience loading in different directions. I-Beam An I Beam, also known as an H beam or a universal beam, has two horizontal elements, the flanges, with a vertical element as the web. The web is capable of resisting shear 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 12.

[Audio] forces, while the horizontal flanges resist most of the beam’s bending movement. The I shape is very effective at carrying shear and bending loads in the web’s plane. The construction industry widely uses I beams in a variety of sizes. Pipe Structural steel pipes are important for a variety of construction applications, lending strength and stability. Pipes are hollow, cylindrical tubes that come in a variety of sizes. Engineers often use steel pipes to meet the needs of water, oil, and gas industry projects. Tee A tee beam, or T beam, is a load bearing beam with a T-shaped cross section. The top of this cross section is the flange, with the vertical web below. Tee beams can withstand large loads but lack the bottom flange of the I Beam, giving it a disadvantage in some applications. 1.2. Explain and define concepts of basic geometry and unit of measurement. What Is Geometry? Geometry, along with arithmetic, is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometric concepts have been found within some of the earliest Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations, among others. Individuals such as Euclid, Pythagoras, Archimedes, and Plato did a lot of work to formalize and conceptualize the field of geometry. Although much can be said about geometry, it is basically the study of shapes, the space that they inhabitant, and the rules that govern the relationships between them. This lesson has been divided into sections for each dimension. No Dimensions The most basic of all geometric terms is the point. A point is a place in space that has no length or dimension. It is represented using a dot, but this is only so that it is visible for our mathematical purposes. Although it does not have size, it does have position, and that position can be given using an ordered pair such as (x,y). 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 13.

[Audio] One Dimension If we take a step into 1-dimensional geometry, our first concept is a line, the set of all points that fall along a straight path. A line will continue along a straight path in both directions without end. Related to the line are the line segment and the ray. A line segment is the collection of points that lie between two specific endpoints. A ray has a starting point and then continues into infinity in one direction. These lines, segments, and rays intersect each other to form parallel and perpendicular lines and angles. Basic Geometry Concepts Some basic geometry concepts, words and notations that you would need to know are points, lines, line segments, midpoints, rays, planes and space. The following table gives some geometry concepts, words and notations. Scroll down the page for examples, explanations and solutions. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 14.

[Audio] Points We may think of a point as a "dot" on a piece of paper or the pinpoint on a board. In geometry, we usually identify this point with a number or letter. A point has no length, width, or height it just specifies an exact location. It is zero dimensional. Every point needs a name. To name a point, we can use a single capital letter. The following is a diagram of points A, B, and M: Lines We can use a line to connect two points on a sheet of paper. A line is one dimensional. That is, a line has length, but no width or height. In geometry, a line is perfectly straight and extends forever in both directions. A line is uniquely determined by two points. Lines need names just like points do, so that we can refer to them easily. To name a line, pick any two points on the line. The line passing through the points A and B is denoted by A set of points that lie on the same line are said to be collinear. Pairs of lines can form intersecting lines, parallel lines, perpendicular lines and skew lines. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 15.

[Audio] Line segments Because the length of any line is infinite, we sometimes use parts of a line. A line segment connects two endpoints. A line segment with two endpoints A and B is denoted by . A line segment can also be drawn as part of a line. Midpoint The midpoint of a segment divides the segment into two segments of equal length. The diagram below shows the midpoint M of the line segment . Since M is the midpoint, we know that the lengths AM = MB. Rays A ray is part of a line that extends without end in one direction. It starts from one endpoint and extends forever in one direction. A ray starting from point A and passing through B is denoted by Planes Planes are two dimensional. A plane has length and width, but no height, and extends infinitely on all sides. Planes are thought of as flat surfaces, like a tabletop. A plane is made up of an infinite amount of lines. Two dimensional figures are called plane figures. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 16.

[Audio] All the points and lines that lie on the same plane are said to be coplanar. A plane Space Space is the set of all points in the three dimensions length, width and height. It is made up of an infinite number of planes. Figures in space are called solids. 1.3. Use scale of drawings. A drawing that shows a real object with accurate sizes reduced or enlarged by a certain amount (called the scale). The scale is shown as the length in the drawing, then a colon (":"), then the matching length on the real thing. Example: this drawing has a scale of "1:10", so anything drawn with the size of "1" would have a size of "10" in the real world, so a measurement of 150 millimeters on the drawing would be 1500 millimeters on the real horse. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 17.

[Audio] 1.4. Identify line types and the appropriate uses. Line types and their application There are technical drawings of different lines, whose application for underwriting certain elements is foreseen. A line can be a straight or a curve, they must have a specific starting point and an endpoint and may be with or without interruption through his. The rules for lines in technical drawings are in the ISO 128-20 described. Here is a list with different line types and their application: 1. Full line, narrow Dimension line Maßhilfslinie Light Edge Note and reference lines Hatch Short funds lines Thread reason Maßlinienbegrenzung 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 18.

[Audio] Diagonally crosses the flat surfaces characterize Bending lines (with tubes and machined parts) Umrahmungsen (from Prüfmaßen/Form and position tolerances and details) 2. Freehand line, narrow Drawing of views and limitations interrupted cuts (drawn freehand) 3. Criss cross line, narrow Drawing of limitations interrupted views and slices (with automatic character Signed) 4. Volllinie, broad silhouette visible visible edge Thread Gust Limit the usable length of thread Form division lines 5. Streak line, narrow covert edges covert outlines 6. Streak line width 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 19.

[Audio] Identification of surface treatments 7. Streak point line, narrow Midline Symmetry Line Part circle (with holes) Part circle (with teeth 8. Streak point line, wide Cutting levels Identification of division lines in the form of cuts Identification of limited areas, for example Treatment 9. Two stroke point line: Focus lines Outlines of adjacent components End positions of movable parts 1.5. Identify and describe projections such as first and third angle orthographic. Orthographic Projection is a way of drawing an 3D object from different directions. Usually a front, side and plan view are drawn so that a person looking at the drawing can 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 20.

[Audio] see all the important sides. Orthographic drawings are useful especially when a design has been developed to a stage whereby it is almost ready to manufacture. IMPORTANT: There are two ways of drawing in orthographic First Angle and Third Angle. They differ only in the position of the plan, front and side views. Below is an example of First Angle projection. Opposite is a simple L-shape, drawn in three dimensions. The front, side and plan views have drawn around the 3D shape. However this is not the correct way of drawing them as they are not in the right positions. The correct method of presenting the three views, in first angle orthographic projection is shown below. The drawing is composed of a front, side and plan view of the L-shaped object. The first drawing is the front view (drawn looking straight at the front of the Lshape), the second is a drawing of the L-shape seen from the side (known as side view) and last of all a drawing from above known as a plan view. The red lines are faint guidelines and they are drawn to help keep each view in line, level and the same size. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 21.

[Audio] The Side View Imagine standing directly at the side of the L shape. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 22.

[Audio] The Front View Now imagine standing directly in front of the L-shape, the drawing opposite shows exactly what you would see. The Plan View 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 23.

[Audio] The plan view is a view seen directly from above. Some people call this a bird’s eye view 1.6 Identify and describe dimensioning. Dimensioning is the process of measuring either the area or the volume that an object occupies. It is the method of calculating capacity for the storage, handling, transporting and invoicing of goods. Vehicles and storage units have both volume and weight capacity limits and can easily become full in terms of volume before they reach their capacity in weight. By dimensioning for capacity needs, companies and warehouses can make optimal use of space in order to minimize costs in order to maximize profits. Dimension styles allow you to specify your conventions quickly and maintain industry or project dimensioning standards. Tip: To simplify drawing organization and dimension scaling, you can create dimensions on layouts rather than in model space. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 24.

[Audio] Linear Dimensions Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned. You can create an aligned, horizontal, or vertical dimension with the D-I-M command depending on how you move the cursor when placing the text. In rotated dimensions, the dimension line is placed at an angle to the extension line origin points. In this example, the angle specified for dimension rotation is equal to the angle of the slot. Note: You can also create linear dimensions with extension lines that are not perpendicular to their dimension lines. These are called oblique dimensions and they are most commonly used with isometric drafting. In this case, the dimension line angles will be oriented at 30 and 60 degrees depending on the current isoplane. Radial Dimensions A radial dimension measures the radius or diameter of arcs and circles with an optional centreline or centre mark. Several options are displayed in the illustration. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 25.

[Audio] Note: When part of the dimension is located within the dimensioned arc or circle, the nonassociative centreline or centre mark is automatically suppressed. Angular Dimensions Angular dimensions measure the angle between two selected geometric objects or three points. From left to right, the example shows angular dimensions created using a vertex and two points, an arc, and two lines. Ordinate Dimensions Ordinate dimensions measure the perpendicular distances from an origin point called the datum, such as a hole in a part. These dimensions prevent escalating errors by maintaining accurate offsets of the features from the datum. Important: The datum is established by the current location of the U-C-S origin. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 26.

[Audio] In this example, the datum (0,0) is indicated as the hole in the lower left corner of the illustrated panel. Arc Length Dimensions Arc length dimensions measure the distance along an arc or polyline arc segment. Typical uses of arc length dimensions include measuring the travel distance around a cam or indicating the length of a cable. To differentiate them from linear or angular dimensions, arc length dimensions display an arc symbol by default. The arc symbol, also called a hat or cap, is displayed either above the dimension text or preceding the dimension text. Baseline and Continued Dimensions Continued dimensions, also called chained dimensions, are multiple dimensions placed end to end. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 27.

[Audio] Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions with offset dimension lines measured from the same location. Note: Before you can create continued or baseline dimensions, you must first create a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension to act as a base dimension from which to reference the subsequent dimensions. 1.7. Demonstrate basic construction methods and techniques of drawings and development of components which may include forms and shapes of, pyramids, cylinders, cones, rectangular containers, support frames and holding devices. Here are drawing tutorials for five common 3-D shapes with some helpful tips and tricks for drawing them. Each is broken down into simple steps that helps build the overall form. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 28.

[Audio] 1. How to draw 3-D triangles There are two types of multi dimensional triangles: prisms (left) and pyramids (right). Step 1: When drawing a prism, start with a simple, flat triangle and small horizon point that’s at the side of the shape. It doesn’t matter which side you chose. Where you place the horizon point determines the length and angle of your prism. To create a pyramid, draw three lines, as shown on the right above. In the center should be a straight line. From the top of the straight line, draw two angled lines that are the same length. It’s OK if the angles aren’t exactly identical. Step 2: 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 29.

[Audio] Give your prism a 3-D appearance by drawing two lines: one off the top corner and one off the base corner of the triangle that’s closer to the horizon point. Draw the lines lightly all the way to the horizon point. Then, close it off with a single line that’s the same angle as the nearest side of the triangle. Erase the lines extending to the horizon point. For the pyramid, you’ll finish the drawing by connecting the three lines at the bottom. Draw a dotted horizontal line to connect the two angled lines, and use angled lines to connect each angled line to the centre line. 2. How to draw cubes Cubes can be drawn in multiple ways, and here, I’ve created two. Step 1: To start the first cube, draw two squares that are the same size. They need to overlap, but how much is up to you. Draw the second cube much like you did the pyramid. This time, you’ll make three parallel vertical lines of the same size. The two outer lines should start and end at the same point, and the middle one should be shifted down a bit on the page. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 30.

[Audio] Step 2: Now it’s all about connecting corners. On the first cube, use a straight edge to draw angled lines to match the corresponding edges. So you’ll connect the bottom right corner of the first square to the bottom right corner of the second square. Repeat this will all four corner. For the second cube, connect the top points of the three lines with angled lines; repeat with the bottom points. Draw a point directly above the center line — the distance between the top of the center line and the point should be about the length of the center line. Connect the tops of the outer two lines to the point with angled lines. 3. How to draw a cylinder Step 1: Start with an oval. Don’t worry if you can’t draw one perfectly right away — I had to redo mine many times! You could trace something, as well. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 31.

[Audio] Step 2: After you have the oval down, draw two straight, perpendicular lines that come from either end. These lines can be as long as you want and can go in any direction. Step 3: Connect the straight lines with a curved line that mimics the roundness of the oval. Tip: To make sure the bottom and top of your cylinder match, try turning the paper upside down. It’ll change your point of view and any inconsistencies will stand out. 4. How to draw a sphere There are several ways to draw a sphere, ranging from simple to very complex. No matter how much you want to challenge yourself, a drawing of a sphere will start with a simple circle. Draw one freehand or trace a stencil or household item. Easier: 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 32.

[Audio] There sphere looks best when it has shading, but you can also make it appear 3-D by drawing contour lines from top to bottom. Make sure the curve mimic the curves of the circle, with less exaggeration as you get closer to the middle. More advanced: While drawing a realistic sphere is worthy of its own tutorial (this one has great step bystep photos), I do want to give you one quick and easy way to draw a sphere. This method looks more lifelike than the example above, but it’s also much faster than drawing a very detailed sphere. If you want to try simple shading, try a gradient from light to dark across the sphere. In this example, the light is coming from the left, so the lightest point is on the left of the sphere and the darkest is on the right. See how it looks more spherical? 5. How to draw a cone 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 33.

[Audio] A cone is a cross between a cylinder and a pyramid. So we’ll take what we know from both to draw this 3-D shape. Step 1: Start with a horizontal oval. It doesn’t have to be perfect. Step 2: To finish, draw the two sides of a triangle. The line for each side should start at either edge of the oval and meet in the middle above the center of the oval. Tips for drawing 3-D shapes When trying to draw something 3-D, straight lines are important. Use a straight edge (like a ruler) when you can. Even if you don’t have a ruler, something that’s flat and made out of a sturdy material will do. Be aware of the angles of lines. Things like a cube, for instance, require parallel lines to give them their shape. Others, like a cone, can have a variety of angles. Compare angles by holding your pencil up to the lines. If they match, then your lines are probably parallel. If you want to get really technical, you can use a protractor. Pencils and erasers are your friend. Whenever possible, draw with pencil to get the angles and lines correct. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 34.

[Audio] 1.8 Read and interpret basic plate, pipe and structural steel plate, pipe and structural steel drawings Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a profile of a specific cross section. Structural steel shapes, sizes, chemical composition, mechanical properties such as strengths, storage practices, et cetera, are regulated by standards in most industrialized countries. For a strong, effective smaller span alternative, Bolt A-Plate is the product of choice for its lightweight, strength and versatility. Available in our widest range of shapes and sizes, it is perfect for highly economical bridge and drainage structure construction or replacement, as well as many other applications. Frequently used as alternatives to traditional span bridges and concrete box culverts, open bottom designs made from Bolt A-Plate offer improved hydraulic flow, help counter erosion and preserve natural streambeds. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 35.

[Audio] Easy to ship and install using local crews and equipment Bolt A-Plate buried bridge structures are attractive alternatives for dots, counties and municipalities as they are easy to ship and install using local crews and equipment. Their geometries can be easily tailored to site and project requirements. And, with no decking or joints at the road surface, their reduced maintenance and lower life cycle costs are very attractive. Recommended applications Bolt A-Plate is recommended for buried bridges and tunnels, grade separations, road or rail underpasses, stream crossings, fish passages, culvert relines, stockpile or escape tunnels, portals, canopies, storage structures, utilidor systems and conveyor covers or overcasts. 1.9. Produce freehand sketches and basic structural drawings using isometric and orthographic projection techniques, including hidden detail and single plane sectional views. How to produce freehand sketch and basic structural drawings Definition of Freehand—its uses to the artisan and draughtsman. Iow to draw Curves. Manipulation of the Pencil. Plotting Points. Examples—copying a moulding, a cabinet screw driver, cylinders. A Stone Baluster. A Screw Wrench. Use ot Squared Paper— enlarging and diminishing drawings. Sectional Tracing Paper -how to use it. Stone Carving 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 36.

[Audio] for a Window Head. Various Hinges description of their uses and sizes : butt, back flap, table and desk hinges, trestle, parliament, pew, counter flap, hook and eye, Collinge, cross garnets, floor springs One pertains to artists' drawings and the other to drawings done by technical men and skilled industrial workers. Artists' drawings are generally freehand drawings; that is, drawings made without the use of drawing instruments or straightedges. Such drawings are made in perspectives; that is, pictorial drawings as seen by the artist's eyes. As his art medium he uses either a lead pencil, charcoal or carbon pencil, black ink, pastel, oil paint, water colour, or crayon. Technical men and industrial workers, on the other hand, make working sketches which are also freehand drawings but are shown in a special type of drawing called orthographic projection. Generally, an object is shown in three orthographic views—top, front, and side views Pencil Techniques In both freehand drawing and technical sketching, the techniques in drawing or sketching lines are the same. Horizontal lines, for instance, are drawn from left to right. Horizontal lines are lines parallel to the lower edge of the drawing paper. Vertical lines are sketched from the top downward, and inclined lines are also generally sketched from left to right. Short lines are drawn with finger movement while long lines are made with arm movement. Long lines, however, may be drawn in segments with very small spaces or gaps between segments. Those gaps are so small that the lines appear at arm's length as single line. Perpendicular lines are lines which make an angle of 90 degrees with each other. Horizontal and vertical lines can be drawn perpendicular to one another. But not all perpendicular lines are horizontal. Parallel lines are lines which never meet even if they are prolonged or extended to any desired length. Parallel lines may be vertical, horizontal, or inclined. Lines may be drawn in various thicknesses or weights with a soft pencil. This is done by varying the pressure of the pencil against the drawing paper. It is this feeling of pressure exerted by the fingers on the pencil that must be developed in order to acquire the "feel" of 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 37.

[Audio] the pencil. These varying kinds of line can also be drawn by using different grades of drawing pencil. Curved lines, or curves, are regular or irregular. A regular curve is either a circle, an arc (part of the circumference of a circle), or an ellipse. Irregular curves are those which have no definite direction. In sketching circles, the radii and the two stroke method are often used. For an ellipse, the beginners should use the parallelogram method. The other two methods of sketching an ellipse should be attempted only after one has acquired the "feel" of the drawing pencil. The basic structural drawings using isometric and orthographic projection techniques, including hidden detail and single plane sectional views. Drawing skills and techniques This paragraph is concerned with the production of drawings. Specifications and working drawings convey to the contractor/builder the necessary information to erect and complete a structure. Drawings will vary from company to company but the following approach is used for this subject: Identify and analyse the assignment instruction to ensure you have a complete view of the scope of work. If you have any question clarify the issues with your lecturer. Think of possible solutions to all aspects of your assignment and make, if necessary, freehand multi view and/or pictorial sketches for clarification. You should then discuss your ideas with your lecturer. If you have a clear understanding of the scope of work you may then prepare your draft sketches as outlined below. In Builders Working Drawing you learn how to create orthographic drawing as well as pictorial drawings. Orthographic projections 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 38.

[Audio] First and third angle projection This is a graphical method used in engineering drawings. The word orthographic is derived from the Greek words orthos straight, rectangular and graphs written, drawn. A drawing of a structure or part thereof can be drawn using the following projection methods: (a) orthogonal (b) oblique and/or (c) perspective There are two methods of drawing orthographic projections: 1) first angle projection and 2) third angle projection They are based on right angle planes with defined separate spaces , or quadrants. Each quadrant could obtain an object to be presented. However, only two are commonly used, the first and the third as shown in Figure 1. Both systems of projection are approved internationally and the system used is clearly indicated on all engineering drawings with the following illustrations: Figure 1 Figure 2 In which projection architectural and builders working drawings are represented is generally insignificant. Nearly all of those drawings do not indicate in which projection they are drawn and it really does not matter. However, it is important that you understand the basic principles of orthographic projection and be able to construct orthographic views of objects. [ top ] 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 39.

[Audio] The easiest way to explain the development of a orthographic drawing is to place an object in a glass cube as shown in the opposite figure. The object surfaces are then projected on the faces of the cube. The cube like any card box can be unfolded so that all six surface areas are shown as blow. Figure 3 Figure 4 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 40.

[Audio] Figure 5 shows the unfolded box with the same object as shown in Figure 3. Figure 5 [ top ] How to draw objects or components Adopt the method below for drawing building objects or components. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 41.

[Audio] Choose which view or direction or face will be used as the font view of the object or component. The object or component you chose for the front view should have the longest straight edge.. From the bottom edge of the front view draw feint construction lines @ 45 degrees as shown in Step 1 Carry on finishing the top view. Start a line below the front view with sufficient distance for dimensioning of the object or component. Complete the top view Use faint construction lines and draw the outline of the side views as shown in Step 2 Complete the side view with the aid of Figure 6 construction lines as shown in Step 3 Always use this method for drawing objects or components. In Drawing 1 you will draw a number of different objects. The views should always be aligned with each other allowing sufficient space between the views for dimensions (see Step 1 Figure 6). Lines that cannot be seen in a specific view are hidden and shown as dashed lines. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 42.

[Audio] Working drawings for buildings Orthographic building/construction drawings are a two dimensional representation of a structure. They are drawn in various scales depending on the detail and content required and offer the following advantages compared with other systems: a It's usually the simplest and quickest method of giving an accurate representation of an object. b Only those views that are essential need to be drawn. c Dimensioning is relatively easy. d Sectional and part views are easier to construct. The only disadvantage of this method is that some training is necessary before you can draw or read a drawing. Sometimes it's easier to draw the object in perspective view (pictorial view), especially for clients who have difficulties interpreting orthographic drawings. Building construction drawings usually show the following views: Plan view (Floor plan) Elevations (faces of the building) Cross Sections Details For a building application to council the following plans are required: a) Site plan, b) floor plan(s), c)elevations, d) Sections All your drawings must be fully dimensioned to enable builders to construct and build the drawn object. To draw a complete set of plans for a building do the following: First draw a plan view in pencil on any paper (Plan 1) Then draw the section (Plan 2) on another piece of paper. Use Plan 1 to extend the lines and add all vertical elements that cannot be shown in a plan view to finish the Section. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 43.

[Audio] Use Floor plan (Plan 1) and the rearranged Section (Plan 2) to draw the Elevation (Plan 3) as shown below. Keep section (Plan 2) and rotate Plan1 90 degrees (clockwise or anticlockwise) and draw another elevation. Rotate Plan1 again 90 degrees to complete the next elevation. Use the same procedure to complete all elevations. Figure 7 Having finished drawing all required items you can now arrange all items and place them on your board to fit the designated paper size. Then overlay the transparency paper and trace all views. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 44.

[Audio] All drawings, whether section, details, pictorial views et cetera that need to be produced in ink on transparency paper draw first the item on any paper and then trace it onto the transparency paper. This allows you to place the items most appropriately on your designated sheet avoiding running out of space or overcrowding. Type of lines If all lines on a drawing are of the same thickness the drawing may not be clear or difficult to interpret. However, if the salient features are shown in thick lines and others in thin lines the drawing is easier to read and interpret. To ensure uniformity of line types the Australian and international standards should be used [see ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING Standards & Conventions (K J Holtom)]. The most common sizes for pens are 0.7, 0.5, 0.35 and 0.25 millimeters. The minimum requirements is to have two disposable pens, sizes 0.4 and 0.2 millimeters. (Disposable Rotring pens are not recommended because of slow drying.) If you need to draw a thicker line, the back line technique can be used. This line is produced by drawing two (2) lines at approximately line distance apart (with a 0.4 millimeters pen a 0.7 millimeters line thickness can be produced). Pencil lines should be sharp, dense and uniform on drawings that are not produced in ink. Make sure their is a visible contrast between the thickness of thick, medium and thin lines. This can be achieved by using a softer grade for thick lines than that used for the other line thickness. As a guide use for construction and dimension lines a 2H-lead, for all other thin lines a H-lead and for thick lines B or HB lead. Smudging of pencil drawings can be avoided if you cover the finish portion of the drawing with a piece of paper. Sketching techniques Most students may not have to produce complete working drawings in their working environment. However, it will be beneficial if you develop good freehand sketching skills. The ability to create detailed views with a pencil on a piece of paper is extremely important for supervisors or builders. All details are composed of lines: horizontal, vertical, angular, circular or elliptical. The procedure below describes the movement of your hand for sketching lines. A bit of practice is needed to develop the skill to produce freehand sketches. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 45.

[Audio] Lettering To "letter" a drawing or sketch in a neat and consistent style is very important. Bad lettering will spoil your drawing. Use single stroke vertical or sloping letters on your drawing. For all letters we use only upper case. Normal lettering is made 3 millimeters high with 2 millimeters line spacing and titles 5 millimeters high with 3 millimeters line spacing. Good lettering depends on the following: Uniformity of shape (refer to ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING Standards & Conventions (K J Holtom) Uniformity of style (no mixed style on the same drawing) Uniformity of size (letter touching upper & lower guide lines) Uniformity of line thickness (all strokes & curves must have the same line thickness) Uniformity of slope (use vertical or sloping guide lines to keep characters upright or sloping) Uniformity of spacing (keep white areas between letters equal and the space between words the same) To produce good lettering the position of your hand is important. Use the following guidelines as a basis: Your forearm should rest on the drawing board Your index finger should be kept as straight as possible along the pencil. This will help to avoid tension in the hand. Your forearm should be at an angle of 75-80 degrees with the line of lettering. All strokes should where possible be made from top to bottom and from right to left. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 46.

[Audio] Pencil lettering The most important aspect of pencil lettering is making a uniform dense black line by applying adequate pressure on the pencil. This depends on selecting a pencil that has the proper hardness. The selection of the grade (B, HB or H) depends on the surface of your drawing paper. Try the different leads for best result! Ink lettering In ink lettering the thickness depends on the pen used and not on the pressure applied. If you use tubular pens you should hold them perpendicular to the paper to avoid varying line thickness. Date: Write your own notes to remember: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All drawings produced must meet the national and/or international codes of drawing. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 47.

[Audio] Annexure 1: Growth Action Plan The personal development plan will enable you address any areas of weakness that you identify during the course and stimulate your desire for personal growth. Growth Action Plan I have identified the following as areas in which I need to improve in order to become competent. List in order of priority. 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 48.

[Audio] Resources Completion date Evidence Actions to be taken Learner Name: Learner Signature: Facilitator Name: Facilitator Signature: Annexure 2: Words that are new to me Compile a list of words that is new to you and discuss the meaning of the words with your facilitator. Term Description for example characteristic Trait, feature, quality, attribute, et cetera 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 49.

[Audio] Learner Name: Learner Signature: Facilitator Name: Facilitator Signature: Annexure 3: Training Evaluation Training Program Facilitator Name Date Ratings: 651302000-KM-06: Boilermaker’s Drawings – N-Q-F level 4 Knowledge Module Guide 50.