kiruthika viva ppt (1)

[Audio] The viva voce examination was conducted by Ms. Krithika S R under the guidance of Dr. Padmini R, an associate professor in the department of biochemistry, school of life sciences, VISTAS. The research examined the impact of nano-encapsulated bioactive compounds on experimentally induced diabetes..

[Audio] Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic syndrome characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose. There has been a steady rise in the number of individuals diagnosed with diabetes, with projections indicating that the global count will surpass 600 million by 2045. Persistent hyperglycemia causes damage to small- and large-caliber blood vessels and peripheral nerves, greatly increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, blindness, and kidney failure. The metabolic alterations which contribute to increased free radicals in diabetes include increased nonenzymatic protein glycosylation, autooxidation of glucose, activation of aldose-reductase pathway, changes in the levels of inflammatory mediators and localized tissue damage. WHO has recommended the evaluation of traditional plant treatments for diabetes as they are effective, non-toxic, with less or no side effects and are considered to be excellent aspirants for oral therapy. From the reports on their potential effectiveness, naringin, a flavonoid extracted from citrus fruits, has emerged as a promising candidate for the treatment of diabetes. Its ability to inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity, suppress postprandial hyperglycemia, and reduce oxidative stress makes it an attractive option for the management of this disease. Furthermore, its bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties have been found to be favorable, suggesting that it may be used as a safe and effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes..

[Audio] Niosomes are a type of vesicular drug delivery system that has been initially developed for use in the cosmeceutical industry but has also entered the field of pharmaceuticals due to their ability to carry multiple drugs. They have the potential to target drugs to the reticuloendothelial system and mitigate the adverse effects of many anticancer drugs by altering metabolism, extending drug circulation, and prolonging drug half-life. The study aimed to develop a naringin nanoconjugate to improve its solubility and sustain its antioxidant and wound-healing abilities..

[Audio] . Contd….. Naringin, a prominent flavonoid abundantly found in citrus fruits exhibits a diverse range of pharmacological properties and its primary pharmacological attribute lies in its remarkable antioxidant properties, which combat oxidative stress and free radical damage, making it a compelling candidate for mitigating various chronic diseases Additionally, naringin demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity, attributed to its ability to modulate pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, suggesting its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. Beyond its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, naringin has exhibited promising anti-diabetic effects by enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism Naringin also displays anticancer potential through its influence on cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor progression.

[Audio] Our objectives include conducting an insilico docking study of Naringin with various proteins involved in glucose metabolism, including HbA1c, DPP-IV, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, GLUT 4, NF Kappa B, PPAR-gamma, and SGLT. We also plan to synthesize Niosome-Naringin nanoconjugates and characterize them using techniques like UV, FTIR, DLS, zeta potential, and SEM. Additionally, we will investigate the invitro drug release profile, antioxidant potential, invitro cytotoxicity, wound healing properties, and invitro anti-diabetic potential of the nanoconjugates. Furthermore, we will study the anti-diabetic potential of the nanoconjugates in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats..

[Audio] The workflow involves several stages, starting with the synthesis and preparation of niosomes, which are then characterized along with naringin. Next, antioxidant studies are conducted, followed by assessments of antidiabetic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, an insilico study of naringin is performed..

[Audio] Naringin has been analyzed using the Autodock method against several diabetic targets, including HbA1c, DPP-IV, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, GLP-1, GLUT 4, NF Kappa B, PPAR-gamma, and SGLT. HbA1c is a modified form of hemoglobin that forms through glycation, while DPP-IV is a serine protease enzyme involved in glucose metabolism and immune regulation. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is a crucial enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, responsible for maintaining cellular redox balance by producing NADPH. These enzymes play critical roles in glucose metabolism and immune regulation, making them relevant targets for the treatment of diabetes..

[Audio] GLP-1, an incretin hormone, is secreted by L-cells in the small intestine in response to food intake, playing a key role in glucose homeostasis and regulating blood sugar levels. GLUT4, a key protein, facilitates glucose uptake in cells, maintaining normal blood glucose levels. NF-kappa B, activated by high glucose levels, contributes to insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. PPAR-gamma, a nuclear receptor, regulates glucose metabolism, lipid storage, and insulin sensitivity. SGLTs transport glucose from the kidneys back into the bloodstream, sustaining high blood sugar levels in diabetes..

[Audio] Naringin has six bonds with the protein HbA1c, with a bond length of 2.908690 angstroms, interacting with lysine in position 1079 and an unknown residue in position 1933, with a binding energy of -10.1368 kcal/mol. It has two bonds with the protein Glucagon like Peptide (GLP 1), with a bond.

[Audio] . Contd…. Naringin interaction with Proteins RCSB PDB IDs NO. of Bonds Bond length ( A∘) Interacting residues Binding energy (kcal/mol) ATOM 1 ATOM 2 DPP-IV 1j2e 11 2.797742 (22919 N) in residue (1469 HIS) (23341 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) -11.2659 2.583975 (21207 N) in residue (1358 TRP) hbonds with (23338 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) 2.901998 (23338 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) (19920 0) in residue (1275 VAL) 2.509830 (19944 0) in residue (1276 TYR) (23339 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) 2.966396 (20032 N) in residue (1283 LYS) (23334 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) 2.884652 (21808 N) in residue (1398 ARG) (23342 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) 2.514468 (20127 N) in residue (1289 ARG) (23337 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) 2.901503 (23336 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) (20063 0) in residue (1285 ASP) 2.898440 (23336 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) (20010 0) in residue (1282 GLN) 2.358026 (23335 0) in residue (1745 no residue name) (20010 0) in residue (1282 GLN).

[Audio] The table shows the interaction between naringin and proteins from RCSB PDB IDs. The columns represent the number of bonds, bond length, interacting residues, and binding energy in kcal/mol. For example, in the first row, naringin interacts with DPP-IV protein, forming 11 bonds with a bond length of 2.797742 angstroms, involving residues such as His1469 and Trp1358. The binding energy for this interaction is -11.2659 kcal/mol. Similarly, the second row shows the interaction between naringin and GLUT 4 protein, forming six bonds with a bond length of 2.880848 angstroms, involving residues such as Lys475 and Asp473. The binding energy for this interaction is -9.16389 kcal/mol. The last row shows the interaction between naringin and NF kappa B protein, forming five bonds with a bond length of 2.939935 angstroms, involving residues such as Thr629 and Arg631. The binding energy for this interaction is -8.50903 kcal/mol..

[Audio] Slide 12 displays a table of data on the interactions between Naringin and Proteins. The table includes the RCSB PDB IDs, number of bonds, bond length in angstroms, residues involved, and binding energy in kilocalories per mole for each interaction. It is important to note that GLP-1, a protein involved in glucose regulation and insulin secretion, has multiple interactions. Other significant proteins in these interactions are GLN, HIS, CYS, and ASP. This data further supports our study on the potential of a naringin nanoconjugate in improving solubility and promoting antioxidant and wound-healing abilities. Please proceed to the next slide..

[Audio] Please rewrite the given text into English. I will provide the text later. Please note that I want full sentences only and remove greetings, introduction, and thanking sentences. Also, please insert the characters '.

[Audio] The RCSB PDB IDs show the results of the interaction between naringin and various proteins. For instance, PPAR-gamma has five bonds with a bond length of 2.487571 angstroms, involving residues 326 GLU and 323 GLU, with a binding energy of -9.08588 kilocalories per mole. Similarly, SGLT has six bonds with a bond length of 2.999847 angstroms, involving residues 694 ASN and 699, with a binding energy of -10.5216 kilocalories per mole. Other residues participating in the interaction include 646 ASN, 650 ILE, and 561 TRP. These findings indicate that naringin has significant interactions with proteins, which may have implications for its bioactive properties..

[Audio] The phenolic constituents play a crucial role in the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of naringin. This strong association is linked to the inhibitory effects against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. The phenolic compounds can bind to the active site of amylase, inducing conformational changes and decreasing its activity. Additionally, they may chelate metal ions, such as calcium, essential for amylase function. Furthermore, some phenolic compounds exhibit allosteric modification of glucosidase, thereby inhibiting its activity..

[Audio] The synthesis of niosomes involves mixing 2.62 grams of tween 80 with 200 milliliters of distilled water, followed by the addition of 200 milligrams of cholesterol dissolved in 200 milliliters of chloroform. The mixture is then stirred continuously at 50 degrees Celsius for two to three hours. Next, 500 milligrams of naringinin are slowly added to the solution, resulting in a final volume of 200 milliliters. This solution is then divided into two parts, one serving as the control and the other as the test sample containing the niosome-naringinin nanoconjugate. Both samples are placed in a magnetic stirrer for an additional two to three hours before being stored in a refrigerator for 12 hours. Finally, the samples are stirred again at 50 degrees Celsius for one hour before being used for further analysis..

[Audio] The results of our study on nano encapsulated bioactive compounds in experimentally induced diabetes show the preparation of niosomes, lipid-based nanostructures used to encapsulate naringin. The combination of both solutions with 50ml of ethanol was crucial in forming the niosomes, which will be used in our experiments..

[Audio] The results demonstrate a substantial rise in the quantity of naringin released over time, signifying enhanced solubility and prolonged antioxidant as well as wound-healing activities. As the concentration of naringin grows, so does its capacity to promote cellular viability, implying a potential therapeutic application in the treatment of experimentally induced diabetes. Additional research is necessary to thoroughly comprehend the mechanisms underlying these effects and to investigate the potential clinical applications of this innovative nanoconjugate..

[Audio] The UV-vis peaks of our Niosome-Naringin nanoconjugate show a significant increase in absorbance intensity across the wavelength range from 200 to 500 nanometers, suggesting enhanced light absorption properties compared to the individual components. The peak absorbance values at 210, 220, and 230 nanometers indicate the presence of specific functional groups responsible for this increased absorbance. A gradual decrease in absorbance intensity beyond 250 nanometers is also observed, possibly indicating a shift towards longer wavelengths. These findings confirm the successful formation of the nanoconjugate and provide valuable insights into its optical properties..

[Audio] The FT-IR analysis of the niosomes and naringin reveals distinct spectral patterns indicating the successful synthesis of both components. The spectra demonstrate the presence of characteristic absorption bands corresponding to the functional groups present in each molecule. This analysis provides valuable information regarding the chemical structure and composition of the niosomes and naringin thereby confirming their identity and purity..

[Audio] The FT-IR analysis of the niosome-naringin nanoconjugate reveals the characteristic peaks corresponding to the niosomal lipid bilayer and the naringin molecule, confirming the successful formation of the nanoconjugate..

[Audio] The results of dynamic light scattering analysis show that the size distribution of our niosomal formulation consists of two distinct populations. The smaller population has a mean size of approximately 119.7 nanometers with a polydispersity index of 4.705, indicating a relatively narrow size range. Most particles fall within this range. In contrast, the larger population has a mean size of around 3655.3 nanometers, also with a polydispersity index of 4.705, indicating a broader size range. Some particles are significantly larger than others. These findings provide valuable insights into the physical properties of our niosomal formulation, which can inform further studies on its potential applications..

[Audio] The E FTIR Avigen Zeta Potential is a vital tool in analyzing the electrical charge of the naringin nanoconjugate, determining its potential for improving solubility and sustaining antioxidant and wound-healing abilities. This measurement provides valuable data on the stability and effectiveness of the naringin nanoconjugate, allowing assessment of its potential to interact with other substances and enhance its therapeutic properties. Additionally, the E FTIR Avigen Zeta Potential monitors the stability of the naringin nanoconjugate over time, ensuring its quality and effectiveness in treating diabetes..

[Audio] The niosomes were developed to encapsulate naringin, a bioactive compound, to enhance its solubility and prolong its antioxidant and wound-healing properties. The niosomes were designed to effectively deliver the compound to the targeted area through the optimization of their size and structure using advanced technology. This ensured maximum efficiency and efficacy, which is crucial for the desired effects of the compound. The use of niosomes also provided a more stable and sustained release of the compound, allowing for a longer duration of action compared to traditional delivery methods. This was particularly important in the experimentally induced diabetes model, where prolonged and consistent administration of the compound was necessary for proper management of the condition. The development of niosomes proved to be a promising approach in enhancing the effects of nano-encapsulated bioactive compounds, with the goal of improving treatments for diabetes through further research and testing..

[Audio] The results demonstrate that the formulations displayed diverse levels of encapsulation efficiency, spanning from 39.45% to 60.12%. The highest encapsulation efficiency was recorded in formulation F5, followed by F4, F3, F2, and F1. These findings imply that the optimization of the formulation parameters can substantially influence the encapsulation efficiency of the naringin nanoconjugate..

[Audio] The spectroscopic analysis of our synthesized drug has revealed distinct absorption peaks corresponding to the characteristic properties of both Niosome and Naringin. The UV-Vis spectra demonstrate the successful incorporation of Naringin within the Niosome matrix, while the FTIR analysis confirms the presence of various functional groups, including hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkyl moieties. These findings suggest that our novel drug delivery system is feasible and merits further exploration into its biological efficacy..

[Audio] The niosomes-naringin nanoconjugate displayed a mean particle diameter of 119.7 nanometers, accompanied by a polydispersity index of 0.219 and a zeta potential of -45.7 millivolts. This morphology remained unaffected despite the increased vesicle size, as reported by Tavano et al. in 2014. The scanning electron microscope image revealed a nearly spherical shape, consistent with the dynamic light scattering results. The presence of a negative charge likely resulted from the enhanced adsorption of hydroxyl ions onto the vesicle's surface. These particles appeared circular, exhibiting well-defined boundaries..

[Audio] The antioxidant activity of the naringin nanoconjugate was measured using the DPPH assay, which showed a dose-dependent response with the highest concentration of 150µg/mL exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity. The IC50 value for the nanoconjugate was found to be 97.89µg/ml, indicating a stronger antioxidant activity compared to the standard ascorbic acid..

[Audio] The results from the ABTS assay show that both the nanoconjugate and ascorbic acid standards have potent antioxidant activities. The concentration-response curves display a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity, with the nanoconjugate having significantly higher potency than ascorbic acid at concentrations above 50µg/ml. Moreover, the IC50 values indicate that the nanoconjugate needs roughly half the concentration of ascorbic acid to achieve the same level of antioxidant activity. This suggests that the nanoconjugate might possess enhanced antioxidant properties compared to ascorbic acid, possibly making it a more effective therapeutic agent for treating oxidative stress-related disorders..

[Audio] The antioxidant activity of naringin was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results showed a noticeable color transformation in the test tubes with different sample concentrations, indicating a dose-dependent response. The total antioxidant activities ranged from 24.53 to 72.10 micrograms per milliliter, with an IC50 value of 97.89 micrograms per milliliter. The preservation of naringin's antioxidant activity after encapsulation within niosomes was confirmed, suggesting that the vesicles provide a protective environment for the compound. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of naringin was also assessed using the ABTS assay, which revealed a decrease in radical absorbance upon introduction of the niosome conjugate. These findings demonstrate the potent free radical scavenging capacity of the niosome conjugate, making it a promising therapeutic agent for combating oxidative damage..

[Audio] The invitro cytotoxicity study of Naringin on 3T3 cell lines shows that this compound's potential toxicity is demonstrated at various concentrations. Even at high concentrations, Naringin does not exhibit significant cytotoxic effects, suggesting its relative safety for use in biological systems. A gradual decrease in cell viability is observed with increasing concentrations of Naringin, indicating a dose-dependent response. These findings support the idea that Naringin could be used as a safe and effective therapeutic agent for treating various diseases, including those linked to oxidative stress and inflammation..

[Audio] The cytotoxic effect of Niosome on 3T3 cell line was analyzed at different concentrations ranging from 25 µg/mL to 150 µg/mL. The absorbance values for each concentration were recorded and the average cell viability was calculated. At the control concentration of 0.723 µg/mL, the average cell viability was 100%. As the concentration of Niosome increased, the average cell viability decreased accordingly. At a concentration of 25 µg/mL, the average cell viability was 99.38%, showing a slight decrease from the control. At higher concentrations of 50 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL, the average cell viability decreased to 98.55% and 95.99% respectively. The most significant decrease in cell viability was observed at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, with an average cell viability of 94.61%. When the concentration was further increased to 150 µg/mL, there was a sharp decrease in average cell viability to 92.05%. This indicates that a higher concentration of Niosome has a more significant cytotoxic effect on the 3T3 cell line. These results highlight the importance of carefully determining the appropriate concentration of Niosome for use in experiments involving the 3T3 cell line. It is crucial to maintain a balance between achieving the desired therapeutic effects and minimizing potential cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Figure 12 visually represents the cytotoxic effect of Niosome on the 3T3 cell line, with a clear trend of decreasing cell viability as the concentration of Niosome increases. In summary, the data presented in Table 6 and Figure 12 demonstrate the cytotoxic effect of Niosome on the 3T3 cell line, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of concentration in the development of the naringin nanoconjugate for potential use in treating diabetes-related wounds..

[Audio] The cytotoxic effect of the Naringin-Niosome nanoconjugate on the 3T3 cell line was studied, and the results showed a decrease in cell viability as the concentration of the nanoconjugate increased. The highest concentration tested, 150 µg/mL, resulted in 82.26% cell viability, suggesting a potential cytotoxic effect. This is supported by the graph, which shows a clear decrease in cell viability as the concentration of the nanoconjugate increases..

WOUND HEALING STUDY. Control Niosome Naringineen Niosome + Naringeenan 24h 48h.

[Audio] The invitro cytotoxicity study of the Naringin Niosome preparation shows that it has a non-toxic and biocompatible nature, which reduces its cytotoxicity to human cells. Moreover, the wound healing assay indicates rapid cell migration and tissue repair, implying that the nanoconjugate may promote regenerative processes and support wound healing treatments. These findings verify the safety and effectiveness of the Naringin Niosome preparation for medical uses..

[Audio] The invitro antidiabetic study demonstrated the inhibitory activity of the niosome conjugate against alpha amylase, a crucial enzyme involved in breaking down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars. The results showed that the inhibition of alpha amylase by the niosome conjugate was concentration-dependent, with the highest level of inhibition observed at a concentration of 150 micrograms per milliliter. This finding implies that the niosome conjugate might have therapeutic potential in managing hyperglycemia and its associated complications in diabetes..

[Audio] The results demonstrate a dose-dependent inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity by the naringin-niosome nanoconjugate, with increasing concentrations leading to enhanced inhibitory effects. At 150 micrograms per milliliter, the nanoconjugate exhibits significant inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in managing hyperglycemia associated with diabetes..

[Audio] The results demonstrate that the inhibition percentage rises as the concentration of the compound increases, suggesting a dose-dependent response. Moreover, at a concentration of 150 micrograms per milliliter, the average inhibition achieves 65.33 percent, clearly illustrating a substantial inhibitory impact on Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV activity..

[Audio] In this study, we investigated the impact of our innovative naringin nanoconjugate on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The findings demonstrate that escalating concentrations of the nanoconjugate substantially boost glucose uptake in these cells. Initially, glucose uptake remains relatively low at low concentrations, but it progressively rises as the concentration of the nanoconjugate increases. By reaching a concentration of 150 micrograms per milliliter, glucose uptake has attained nearly 64 percent. This implies that our naringin nanoconjugate might possess therapeutic potential in enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in diabetic individuals. Additional research is necessary to comprehensively grasp the mechanisms driving these effects and to explore their clinical significance..

[Audio] Naringin exhibited a more pronounced inhibitory impact on α-amylase activity compared to acarbose, demonstrating higher potency and efficacy. Additionally, naringin's inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and DPP-IV activities emphasized its multifunctional antidiabetic properties. Moreover, the 3T3 glucose uptake data suggested that naringin might possess insulin-sensitizing properties, potentially enhancing glucose consumption in peripheral tissues. Overall, these findings collectively highlighted the impressive antidiabetic profile of naringin, underscoring its promise as a novel therapeutic approach for managing diabetes..

[Audio] The invivo study demonstrated that the niosome naringin nanoconjugate improved various physiological parameters in normal and diabetic rats, including consciousness, grooming, touch response, sleeping duration, movement, gripping strength, righting reflex, food intake, water consumption, pinna reflex, corneal reflex, salivation, skin color, and sound response. In contrast, the untreated diabetic rats exhibited lethargy, diarrhea, hyperactivity, tremors, convulsions, and morbidity. These findings suggest that the niosome naringin nanoconjugate may have potential therapeutic applications in managing the symptoms of diabetes..

[Audio] The effects of our sample on body weight and organ weight in both normal and experimentally induced diabetic rats have been studied. Our results show that the diabetic group exhibited decreased weights of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys compared to the normal group. However, when treated with our naringin conjugate, we observed improvements in these organ weights, indicating potential therapeutic benefits. Specifically, the liver weight increased by 7.72 grams, pancreas weight by 0.88 grams, and kidney weight by 1.43 grams. These findings suggest that our naringin conjugate may play a role in mitigating the negative effects of diabetes on internal organs..

[Audio] The mice of untreated diabetic control groups DC showed an increase in cholesterol and triglycerides levels compared to the normal control group NC. In contrast, a significant decrease in these parameters was observed in the mice of the treated group, including the diabetic treated control group TC, compared to the untreated diabetic control group DC..

[Audio] The liver profile analysis revealed that there was a significant decrease in liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, and ALP in the naringin nanoconjugate-treated groups compared to the diabetic untreated control group. This indicates a strong hepatoprotective effect of the naringin nanoconjugate against diabetic changes. Furthermore, the results show an improvement in total protein, globulin, and serum albumin levels in the treated groups, suggesting a potential therapeutic benefit in managing diabetic complications..

[Audio] The effects of the sample on plasma glucose in control and experimental diabetic rats show a significant increase in glucose concentration in the untreated diabetic control group compared to the normal control group. However, after 21 days of administration of the samples, including metformin, naringin, and naringin nanoconjugate, a reduction in glucose levels is observed in all treated groups. This indicates the potential of these samples to improve glucose levels in diabetic rats. The effects of the sample on haemoglobin and glycosylated haemoglobin in control and experimental diabetic rats demonstrate a significant decrease in Hb and HbA1c levels in the untreated diabetic control group compared to the normal control group. Following treatment with metformin, naringin, and naringin nanoconjugate, there is a noticeable increase in Hb levels and a decrease in HbA1c levels, suggesting the potential of these samples to improve blood glucose control in diabetic rats. The results from both tables support the potential of the naringin nanoconjugate to improve solubility and sustain its antioxidant and wound-healing abilities in experimentally induced diabetes..

[Audio] The naringin nanoconjugate had a significant impact on kidney function in the mice groups. All three parameters - urea, creatinine, and uric acid - were elevated in the untreated diabetic control group. However, when treated with the naringin nanoconjugate, these levels decreased significantly compared to the untreated control group. This suggests that the nanoconjugate may have potential therapeutic benefits in managing kidney dysfunction associated with diabetes..

[Audio] The results presented in this table show that the treatment with different formulations of naringin led to significant changes in various biochemical parameters. The glucose 6-phosphatase activity was significantly increased in groups II and III compared to group I, indicating improved glucose metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activity also showed a similar trend, suggesting enhanced glycolytic flux. The glycogen content was found to be highest in group V, followed by group IV, indicating improved insulin sensitivity. Insulin levels were significantly higher in groups I, III, and V compared to group II, while glucagon levels were lower in these groups. These findings collectively suggest that the developed naringin nanoconjugates may have potential therapeutic applications in managing diabetic complications..

[Audio] The synthesized niosome exhibits antioxidant properties, which neutralize oxidative stress. This effect was observed in various tissue samples of rats, including serum, whole blood, liver, pancreas, and kidneys. The current study reveals that the MDA content, a reliable indicator of lipid peroxidation, increased significantly in the homogenate after diabetes induction, with a p-value less than 0.001 in the niosome plus metformin treatment group. Furthermore, treatment with niosome significantly reduced the MDA level to normal levels..

[Audio] The histopathological examination revealed significant improvements in the cellular structure of the pancreas, kidney, and liver in rats treated with the naringin nanoconjugate compared to those receiving standard treatment. The images show improved pancreatic cellular integrity, reduced kidney damage, and decreased fatty deposits and inflammation in the liver. These findings confirm the antioxidant properties of naringin, which may help prevent organ damage in diabetes. The results highlight the potential of the naringin nanoconjugate in improving the cellular structure and function of organs affected by diabetes..

[Audio] The treatment with naringin nanoconjugate and metformin significantly lowers the level of blood glucose and improves the insulin levels in high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The antioxidant potential of naringin plays a crucial role in achieving these results. Supplementing diabetic rats with naringin niosome and metformin enhances glycogen content in both hepatic and skeletal muscles by increasing glycogen synthase and blocking glycogen phosphorylase, possibly due to elevated insulin levels. Naringin niosome and metformin administration in diabetic rats dramatically reduces glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase activity. Improved insulin secretion may suppress gluconeogenic core enzymes. Lipid peroxides and hydroperoxides increase in diabetic rats' hepatic and renal tissues, while enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD, CAT, and GPx, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants including Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and GSH, decrease. The antioxidant and antiperoxidative activities of naringin niosome oral treatment reduce lipid peroxidation and hydroperoxides in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats. Treatment with naringin nanoconjugate and metformin also decreases the activity of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes, indicating their potential for hepatoprotection. Finally, the therapy of naringin niosomes significantly reduces lipid parameters to levels comparable to those seen in control groups..