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[Audio] KALI LINUX OS is an open source penetration testing platform. This operating system provides a comprehensive set of tools for security professionals to conduct penetration tests, vulnerability assessments, and other forms of security testing. With KALI LINUX OS, you can simulate real-world attacks on computer systems, networks, and applications, allowing you to identify vulnerabilities and strengthen your defenses.. 

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KALI LINUX OS
An open source penetration testing platform.

[Audio] Kali Linux is a Debian-based Linux distribution designed specifically for advanced penetration testing and security auditing. Hundreds of tools are packed into this operating system, tailored towards various information security tasks such as penetration testing, security research, computer forensics, and reverse engineering. The development, funding, and maintenance of Kali Linux are handled by Offensive Security, a renowned information security training company.. 

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WHAT IS KALI LINUX ?
• Kali Linux is a Debian-based Linux distribution aimed at
advanced Penetration Testing and Security Auditing.
• It contains several hundred tools which are geared
towards various information security tasks, such as
Penetration Testing, Security research, Computer
Forensics and Reverse Engineering.
• Kali Linux is developed, funded and maintained
by Offensive Security a leading information security
training company.

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[Audio] Penetration testing is an authorized simulated attack on a computer system. It is a way to evaluate the security of the system by identifying its weaknesses and vulnerabilities. This process helps us understand how unauthorized parties might gain access to the system's features and data, as well as its strengths. By doing so, we can complete a comprehensive risk assessment.. 

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WHAT IS PENETRATION
TESTING?
• It is also termed as pen-testing, and is an authorized
simulated attack on a computer system, performed to
evaluate the security of the system.
• This is done to identify both the weaknesses /
vulnerabilities, including the potential of unauthorized parties
to access to the systems features and data as well as
strengths, enabling a full risk assessment to be completed.

[Audio] Kali has more than 600 penetration testing tools, which provides a wide range of options for security professionals to utilize during tests. These tools cater to various tasks, including network scanning, vulnerability assessment, and exploitation. With such a vast array of tools at their disposal, security professionals can adapt their approach to suit each unique situation and target.. 

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WHAT DOES KALI
HAVE??
• More than 600 penetration testing tools
• It is free and always will be
• Open source Git tree (A Git is a distributed version control
systems, it can be used as a server out of the box. Git refers
to dictionaries as " trees".)
• Kali adheres to the File System Hierarchy Standard,
allowing Linux users to easily locate binaries, support files,
libraries, etc.
• Wide-ranging wireless device support.
• Custom kernel, patched for injection.
• Developed in a secure environment.

[Audio] Every package in Kali Linux is digitally signed by its developer, ensuring authenticity. Additionally, the repositories sign the packages they contain, providing an extra layer of verification. Furthermore, Kali supports multiple languages, allowing users to work comfortably in their native tongue. The operating system is highly customizable, catering to diverse user needs. Moreover, Kali is compatible with single-board systems such as Raspberry Pi and Beagle Bone Black, thanks to its ARMEL and ARMHF support. Finally, Kali maintains a minimalist approach to its repository set, minimizing the risk of contamination and ensuring a stable installation.. 

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• GPG signed packages and repositories which means every
package in Kali Linux is signed by each individual developer
who built and committed it, and the repositories subsequently
sign the packages as well.
• Multi-language support.
• Completely customizable.
• ARMEL and ARMHF support which means it is compatible
with single board systems like Raspberry Pi, Beagle Bone
Black.
• A minimal and trusted set of repositories, the set of
upstream software sources which Kali uses is kept to an
absolute minimum. Many new Kali users are tempted to
add additional repositories to their sources.list, but doing
so runs a very serious risk of breaking your Kali Linux
installation.

[Audio] Kali Linux is not suitable for all users because it is primarily designed for professional penetration testing, making it less accessible and easier to use compared to other operating systems like Linux. This is due to its specific focus on security and penetration testing, which requires specialized knowledge and expertise. Therefore, it is not recommended for general use or distribution. Instead, it is better suited for those who need advanced security features and tools for their work.. 

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SHOULD IT BE USED BY
ALL??
• Kali was specifically designed for penetrating professionally
through a system , hence ehy it is NOT recommended as a
distributed system like linux and may not be as easy to use as
linux which is a distributed sysytem.
Kali Linu is at for?
•the quieter you mom you able to

[Audio] Kali is an open-source operating system, but it's not a wide-open source. A small and trusted team is responsible for maintaining and updating it, ensuring the community benefits from the collective knowledge and expertise of the developers, while preventing malicious activities. Using security and penetration testing tools within a network without proper authorization can lead to severe consequences, including personal and legal repercussions. Ignorance or lack of understanding will not serve as a valid defense; instead, all activities must be conducted with explicit permission and under the guidance of authorized personnel.. 

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• NOTE: Kali is an open source but not a wide open
source , it has a small and trusted team.
• In addition, misuse of security and penetration testing
tools within a network, particularly without specific
authorization, may cause irreparable damage and result
in significant consequences, personal and/or legal. "Not
understanding what you were doing" is not going to work
as an excuse.

[Audio] To ensure a smooth experience with Kali Linux, at least one gigabyte of disk space is needed, which should ideally be increased depending on the intended use. A minimum of 512 megabytes of RAM is also required, with more being recommended, particularly for graphical environments. Moreover, the system must support USB or CD/DVD booting. The Kali Linux ISO can be downloaded from the official website at https://www.kali.org/downloads/.. 

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SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
• Kali has some minimum suggested specifications for
hardware. Depending upon the intended use, more may be
desired. This guide will be assuming that the reader will want
to install Kali as the only operating system on the computer.
• At least IOGB of disk space; strongly encouraged to have
more
• At least 512MB of RAM; more is encouraged especially for
graphical environments
• USB or CD/DVD boot support
• Kali Linux ISO available from https://www.kali.org/downloads/

[Audio] Kali Linux provides various ways to utilize its functionality. You can install it directly on a computer's hard drive, enabling native operation. This grants access to all tools and features whenever required. Alternatively, Kali Linux can be booted from a live CD or USB, permitting testing without altering the existing setup. This option is suitable for trying out Kali Linux before permanent installation. Additionally, Kali Linux can be run on a virtual machine, allowing coexistence with other operating systems and seamless switching. Moreover, Kali Linux can even be installed within a chroot environment on an Android device, providing a full-featured version accessible anywhere.. 

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FLEXIBILITY OF KALI
LINUX
• Kali Linux can run natively when installed on a computer's
hard disk or,
• It can be booted from a live CD or a live USB or, it can be run
on a virtual machine.
• It can also be installed within a chroot environment on an
android device.

[Audio] The procedure's details will depend on whether you are performing it on a Windows, Linux, or OS X system. We assume that a USB drive is available to serve as the installation medium. Note that the USB drive should be approximately 4/8GB in size, with all data being erased.. 

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KALI LINUX LIVE USB
INSTALL PROCEDURE
• The specifics of this procedure will vary depending on
whether you're doing it on a Windows, Linux, or OS X system.
• This guide will be assuming that a USB drive is available to
use as the installation media. Take note that the USB drive
should be as close to 4/8GB as possible and ALL DATA WILL
BE REMOVED.

[Audio] To create a bootable pen drive and install Kali, first press F12 for the boot option while the system starts. Then, navigate to the boot menu and select the option to insert and format your pen drive. Next, copy the Kali image file onto the USB drive. Once this process is complete, shut down the system and restart it. Click on Live 64 Kali and set Legacy to ON. Finally, ensure safe boot is set to OFF.. 

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press F12 for boot
option while the
system starts.
2
boot menu
3
setup utility
4
security
5
Administrative
password
6
system configuration
7
boot order
1
Insert and format your pen
drive and copy the Kali
image file onto the IJSB,
Once complete , Shut
down the system and start
it again
PROCEDURE TO
CREATE A
BOOTABLE PEN
DRIVE AND INSTALL
KALI.
click on
Live 64 Kali
set LEGACY to ON
[enable]
Safe boot is set to
OFF

[Audio] The process begins by installing the system. This involves copying data to disk, ensuring that all necessary components are in place. The installation can be done manually, but it's recommended to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer or online documentation, such as http://www.tecmint.com, for a smooth and successful installation.. 

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Install the system
Installing the system...
Copying data to disk,..
http•//www_tecmint com

[Audio] When configuring the package manager, we have the option to use a network mirror to supplement the software that's included on the CD-ROM. This can provide us with newer versions of software, making it easier to keep our systems up-to-date. The question is, should we use a network mirror?. 

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Configure the package manager
A network mirror can be used to supplement the software that is included on the CD-ROM. This may also
make newer versions of software available.
Use a network mirror?
o
NO
screenshot
http://www.tecmint.com

[Audio] The package manager is currently being configured by retrieving a configuration file from a remote server located at http://www.tecmint.com. Please wait for this process to be completed. Once finished, the configuration file will be used to set up the package manager on your system.. 

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Configure the package manager
Configuring a.
. pt
Retrieving file 1 of 1
Cancel
http • //www _tecmint.com

[Audio] GRUB can be installed safely to the master boot record if this is the only operating system on the computer. However, if there's another operating system present, modifying the master boot record may temporarily render it unbootable. But GRUB can be manually configured later to boot it. The decision is yours: do you want to install GRUB to the master boot record? O. 

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Install the GRUB boot loader on a hard disk
It seems that this new installation is the only operating system on this computer. If so, it should be safe I
to install the GRUB boot loader to the master boot record of your first hard drive.
Warning: If the installer failed to detect another operating system that is present on your computer,
modifying the master boot record will make that operating system temporarily unbootable, though GRUB
can be manually configured later to boot it.
Instal/ the GRUB boot loader to the master boot record?
O
No
Screenshot
http:,'/Www.tecmint.com

[Audio] Now that the installation process has been completed, it's time to start using our new system. We must remove the installation media, whether it's a CD-ROM or floppy disks, so that we can boot into our new system instead of restarting the installation. This will enable us to begin using our system as intended.. 

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Finish the installation
O Insta/lation complete
Installation is complete, so it is time to boot into your new system. Make sure to remove the
installation media (CD-ROM, floppies), so that you boot into the new system rather than
restarting the installation.
screenshot
http://www tecmint com

[Audio] Select the desired entry by using the arrow keys and pressing Enter to boot the selected option. Alternatively, you can press 'e' to edit the commands before booting. If you prefer, you can also press 'c' to execute a command-line interface. The highlighted entry will be executed automatically in three seconds. After rebooting the machine, you will be prompted with the Kali Linux boot menu, where you can choose to boot normally into the system.. 

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GNU GRUB
versio
3-27+deb7u2
Kali GNI_l/Linux
Kali GNU/Cinux,
with Linux 3.18.0-kaIiI-amd64
with Linux 3.18.0-kalil„a 64 (reco
rnode)
"the quieter you become, the more you are able to hear"
Use the t and kegs to select Ilhich entry is highlighted.
'e' to edit the commands
Press enter to boot the selected DS,
before booting or 'c' for a command-line.
entry will be executed automatically in 3s.
The hlig
• After rebooting machine, you will be prompted with Kali Linux boot
menu, from the list choose Kali GNU/Linux without recovery mode to
boot normally to system.

[Audio] After system booting, you will see the login screen for KALI Linux 1.1.0. Use the default username 'root' and the password you set during the installation process at step 10 to log in.. 

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Tue 1:00 PM
kali
TM
"the quieter you become, the rnore you are able to hear"
http //vvww tecrmunt com
• After system booting, you will get the login screen for KALI Linux 1.1.0,
use the default username as 'root' and password which you've set
during the installation time at #step 10.

[Audio] The quietest moments can often reveal the most profound insights. As we navigate through our daily lives, it's easy to get caught up in the noise and distractions around us. But when we take the time to quiet ourselves, we're able to tune in to the subtle whispers of wisdom that surround us. The quieter we become, the more we're able to hear. This is a reminder to slow down, reflect, and listen to the world around us. By doing so, we may discover hidden truths and gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and others.. 

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Other...
Password:
System Déaut v
Tue 1:03 PM
kali
Cancel
Log In
"the quieter you become, the more you are able to hear"
http //www tecm"it corv

[Audio] In this digital era, we heavily depend on computers to remain organized and concentrated. Clicking and viewing our appointments and tasks is a crucial function, allowing us to monitor our daily routines, guaranteeing timely completion of tasks and meeting deadlines efficiently. With a comprehensive understanding of our responsibilities, we can better allocate our work and manage our time effectively. As we quieten down, we become more receptive to our surroundings, reminding us to focus on what genuinely matters. By staying linked to our computer's scheduling features, we can attain higher productivity and equilibrium in our lives.. 

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Computer
Click to view your appointments and tasks
"the quieter you become, the more you are able to hear"

[Audio] These popular security tools used in Kali Linux can be grouped into categories such as Information Gathering, Vulnerability Analysis, Web Applications, Password Attacks, Wireless Attacks, Exploitation Tools, Sniffing/Spoofing, Maintaining Access, Reverse Engineering, Stress Testing, Hardware Hacking, Forensics, Reporting Tools, and System Services. Examples of these tools include dnsdict6, dnsenum, dnsmap, dnsrecon, dnstracer, dnswalk, fierce, maltego, nmap, urlcrazy, and zenmap. These tools assist penetration testers and ethical hackers in gathering information about a target system, identifying vulnerabilities, and exploiting them to gain access. Additionally, they facilitate maintaining access, reverse engineering, stress testing, hardware hacking, forensics, and reporting.. 

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Applications Places
Accessories
Electronics
Graphics
Hamradio
Internet
Kali Linux
Office
Programming
Sound & Video
O System Tools
o
IJniversal Access
Other
Top 10 Security Tools
Information Gathering
Vulnerability Analysis
Web Applications
Password Attacks
Wireless Attacks
Exploitation Tools
Sniffing/Spoofing
Maintaining Access
Reverse Engineering
— Stress Testing
Hardware Hacking
Forensics
['l Reporting Tools
Sys
tem Services
Tue Feb 10, 1:05 PM
DNS Analysis
IDS/IPS Identification
Live Host Identification
Network Scanners
OS Fingerprinting
OSINT Analysis
Route Analysis
Service Fingerprinting
SMB Analysis
SMTP Analysis
SNMP Analysis
SSL Analysis
Telephony Analysis
Traffic Analysis
VoIP Analysis
VPN Analysis
dnsdict6
dnsenum
dnsmap
dnsrecon
dnsrevenum6
dnstracer
dnswalk
fierce
maltego
nmap
urlcrazy
zenmap

[Audio] You can now upgrade your Kali Linux system to the latest version 1.1.0 by issuing simple apt-get commands. This eliminates the need to download ISO files and perform a fresh installation. Instead, you can simply upgrade your running system to the newer version using these commands.. 

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We have successfully installed Kali Linux
1.1.0 and your system is ready to customize
as per your requirements.
Updating Kali Linux from Older Version to
1.1.o :
To upgrade Kali from older versions to
newer 1.1.0, you can use the simple apt-
get commands. We don't have to download
the ISO files and have a fresh new
installation, just issue the following
commands to upgrade the running system
into newer version.

[Audio] These penetration-testing programs can help us identify vulnerabilities in our systems and networks. Nmap scans ports and detects open doors. Wireshark analyzes packets and understands network traffic. John The Ripper cracks passwords, while Aircrack-ng tests wireless LAN security. iKat is a hacking tool used for reconnaissance. Hydra brute-forces passwords, Maltego visualizes data relationships, and Metasloit enables exploit development. Owasp-Zap and Sqlmap help us find SQL injection flaws and take control of database servers.. 

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PENETRATION-TESTING
PROGRAMS
• nmap —a port scanner.
• Wireshark — a packet analyzer.
• John The Ripper —a password cracker.
• Aircrack-ng - a software suite for penetration testing wireless
LAN's.
• iKat - a hacking tool
Hydra — Brute force password cracking tool.
Maltego - Information on visualization and relationship analysis
tool.
• Metasloit- framework for developing and executing exploits.
• Owasp- Zap - Integrated pen-testing tool for web application.
• Sqlmap — finds SQL injection flaws for taking over of database
servers.

[Audio] In this section, we explore essential tools in Kali Linux, including apropos, which searches Help manual pages for specific information about commands and options. Apropos is followed by apt-get and aptitude, package managers that facilitate software installation and updates. Aspell is a spell checker that identifies and corrects typos and grammatical errors. Awk is a versatile tool for finding and replacing text, sorting databases, validating data, and indexing large datasets. Basename strips directory and suffix from filenames, making file path management easier. Bash, bc, bg, break, builtin, and bzip2 are additional tools, including a default shell, an arbitrary precision calculator, a process sender, a loop exit, a shell builtin runner, and a file compressor/decompressor. These tools enhance productivity and efficiency in daily tasks.. 

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Kali tool list — a cheat sheet
apropos : Search Help manual pages (man -k)
apt-get : Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
aptitude : Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
aspell : Spell Checker
awk : Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
basename : Strip directory and suffix from filenames
bash : GNU Bourne-Again SHell
bc : Arbitrary precision calculator language
bg : Send to background
break : Exit from a loop
builtin : Run a shell builtin
bzip2 : Compress or decompress named file(s)

[Audio] These commands enable us to manipulate files and directories, configure our system, and interact with external devices. We can utilize cal to display a calendar, case to conditionally execute a command based on specific conditions, cat to concatenate and display the content of files, cd to change our current directory, and cfdisk to partition our hard drive. Furthermore, we have chgrp to alter group ownership, chmod to modify access permissions, chown to change file owner and group, and chroot to run a command with a different root directory. Moreover, we can employ chkconfig to manage system services, cksum to calculate checksums, clear to clear the terminal screen, cmp to compare files, comm to compare sorted files, and command to execute a command. We can also utilize continue to resume the execution of a loop, CP to copy files, cron to schedule tasks, crontab to manage scheduled tasks, csplit to split files, cut to divide files, and command to disregard shell functions. These commands grant us the necessary tools to efficiently manage our system and achieve various objectives.. 

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cal : Display a calendar
case : Conditionally perform a command
cat : Concatenate and print (display) the
content of files
cd : Change Directory
cfdisk
chgrp
chmod
chown
chroot
Partition table manipulator for Linux
Change group ownership
Change access permissions
Change file owner and group
Run a command with a different root directory
chkconfig : System services (runlevel)
cksum : Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear : Clear terminal screen
cmp : Compare two files
comm : Compare two sorted files line by line
command : Run a
continue : Resume
CP : Copy one or
cron : Daemon to
crontab : Schedule
csplit : Split a file
cut : Divide a file
command — ignoring shell functions •
the next iteration of a loop
more files to another location
execute scheduled commands
a command to run at a later time
into context-determined pieces
into several parts

[Audio] The commands listed enable us to manage our computer's date and time, perform calculations, manipulate files, display information about our system, and automate tasks. We can use these commands to check the current date and time, calculate mathematical expressions, copy and convert files, estimate disk space usage, and more. With these tools, we can efficiently manage our computer's resources and streamline our workflow.. 

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date : Display or change the date & time
dc : Desk Calculator
dd : Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
ddrescue : Data recovery tool
declare : Declare variables and give them attributes •
df : Display free disk space
diff : Display the differences between two files
diff3 : Show differences among three files
dig : DNS lookup
dir : Briefly list directory contents
dircolors : Colour setup for 'Is'
dirname : Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs : Display list of remembered directories
dmesg : Print kemel & driver messages
du : Estimate file space usage
echo : Display message on screen •
egrep : Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
eject : Eject removable media
enable : Enable and disable builtin shell commands •
env : Environment variables
ethtool : Ethernet card settings
eval : Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec : Execute a command
exit : Exit the shell
expect : Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal
expand : Convert tabs to spaces
export : Set an environment variable
expr : Evaluate expressions

[Audio] Commands are essential tools for managing and interacting with your operating system. The groupadd command allows us to add a new user security group, while groupdel deletes an existing group. Groupmod modifies an existing group. Groups displays the group names a user is a member of. Gzip compresses or decompresses named files, making it easy to manage large data sets. Hash remembers the full pathname of a name, ensuring accurate referencing. Head outputs the first part of a file, providing a quick glance at its contents. Help displays detailed instructions for built-in commands, helping us navigate the system more effectively. History keeps track of our previous commands, allowing us to recall and reuse them as needed. These are just a few examples of the many commands available to us. By mastering these commands, we can streamline our workflow and become more efficient in our work.. 

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groupadd : Add a user security group
groupdel : Delete a group
groupmod : Modify a group
groups : Print group names a user is in
gzip : Compress or decompress named file(s)
hash : Remember the full pathname of a name
head : Output the first part of file(s)
help : Display help for a built-in command
history : Command History
hostname : Print or set system name
iconv : Convert the character set of a file
gawk : Find and Replace text within file(s)
getopts : Parse positional parameters
grep : Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattem
to file
jobs
join
kill
List active jobs
Join lines on a common field
Stop a process from running
argument
id : Print user and group id's
if : Conditionally perform a command
ifconfig : Configure a network interface
ifdown : Stop a network interface
ifup : Start a network interface up
import : Capture an X server screen and
install : Copy files and set attributes
save
the
image
killall : Kill processes by name
less : Display output one screen at a time
let : Perform arithmetic on shell variables
In : Create a symbolic link to a file
local : Create variables
locate : Find files
logname : Print current login name
logout : Exit a login shell
look : Display lines beginning with a given string
Ipc : Line printer control program
Ipr : Off line print
Iprint : Print a file
Iprintd : Abort a print job
Iprintq : List the print queue
Iprm : Remove jobs from the print queue
Is : List information about file(s)
Isof : List open files

[Audio] Commands used to create and manage files and directories are mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, mmv, and mkdir. These commands enable you to create new folders, make named pipes, and move or rename existing files and directories.. 

Scene 30

make
man
mkdir
mkfifo
Recompile a group Of programs
Help manual
Create new folder(s)
Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mkisofs : Create an hybrid IS09660/JOLlET/HFS
mknod : Make block or character special files
more : Display output one screen at a time
mount : Mount a file system
mtools : Manipulate MS-DOS files
mtr : Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)
mv : Move or rename files or directories
mmv : Mass Move and rename (files)
netstat : Networking information
nice : Set the priority of a command or job
nl : Number lines and write files
nohup : Run a command immune to hangups
notify-send : Send desktop notifications
filesystem
passwd : Modify a user password
paste : Merge lines of files
pathchk : Check file name portability
ping • Test a network connection
pkill : Stop processes from running
popd : Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr : Prepare files for printing
printcap : Printer capability database
printenv : Print environment variables
printf : Format and print data
ps : Process status
pushd : Save and then change the current directory
pwd : Print Working Directory
nslookup : Query Internet name servers interactively
open : Open a file in its default application
op : Operator access

[Audio] Quota is used to display disk usage and limits. This command helps administrators monitor the available storage space on a file system. By using quota, they can identify areas where disk space is being consumed and take necessary actions to optimize storage utilization.. 

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quota : Display disk usage and limits
quotacheck : Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl : Set disk quotas
tail :
tar .
tee
test
time
Output the last part of file
Tape ARchiver
Redirect output to multiple files
Evaluate a conditional expression
Measure Program running time
ulimit : Limit user resources
umask : Users file creation mask
umount : Unmount a device
unalias : Remove an alias
uname : Print system information
unexpand : Convert spaces to tabs
uniq : Uniquify files
units : Convert units from one scale to another
unset : Remove variable or function names
unshar : Unpack shell archive scripts
until : Execute commands (until error)
uptime : Show uptime
useradd : Create new user account
userdel : Delete a user account
usermod : Modify user account
users : List users currently logged in
uuencode : Encode a binary file
uudecode : Decode a file created by uuencode
times : User and system times
touch . Change file timestamps
top : List processes running on the system
traceroute : Trace Route to Host
trap : Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr : Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true : Do nothing, successfully
tsort : Topological sort
tty : Print filename of terminal on stdin
type : Describe a command

[Audio] These commands can help you manage your files and directories more efficiently. The v command allows you to verbosely list directory contents, while vdir does the same thing. The vi editor provides a simple way to edit text files. Vmstat reports on your computer's virtual memory statistics, giving you valuable insights into how it's being used. Wait lets you pause a process until it's finished, ensuring that you don't interrupt its execution. Watch executes a program repeatedly, allowing you to monitor its progress over time. Wc prints the byte, word, and line counts of a file, helping you understand its size and structure. Whereis searches for a program or file across various locations, making it easy to find what you need. Which does the same thing but only looks in the user's path. While loops execute commands as long as a condition remains true. Who lists all users currently logged in, providing a snapshot of who's active on your system. Whoami shows you your current user ID and name. Wget retrieves web pages or files using HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP protocols. Write sends a message to another user, facilitating communication. Xargs executes a utility with arguments constructed from input, and Xdg-open opens a file or URL in the user's preferred application. These commands can greatly enhance your productivity and workflow.. 

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v : Verbosely list directory contents ('Is -l -b')
vdir : Verbosely list directory contents ('Is -l -b')
vi : Text Editor
vmstat : Report virtual memory statistics
wait : Wait for a process to complete
watch : Execute/display a program periodically
wc : Print byte, word, and line counts
whereis : Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a prog
which : Search the user's $path for a program file
while : Execute commands
who : Print all usemames currently logged in
whoami : Print the current user id and name ('id -un')
wget : Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
write : Send a message to another user
xargs : Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
xdg-open : Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.

[Audio] Ubuntu is a popular open-source operating system that can be used as both a desktop and server distribution. Its primary goal is to meet the general requirements of both desktop and server environments, while also being suitable for use on smart TVs. The development and release of Ubuntu were undertaken by Canonical Ltd., starting from 2004. Kali Linux, on the other hand, is a specialized operating system that focuses primarily on penetration testing and digital forensics. This distribution was developed by Offensive Security Ltd. and first released in 2013. The most recent version available is Kali 2.0.. 

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Ubuntu
• Ubuntu is a general
desktop and server
distribution.
• Designed to satisfy
general Desktop and
Server requirements and
also targeted in some
Smart TV's.
• Developed by Canonical
Ltd. and released back in
2004.
Kali Linux
Kali Linux is a specialized
distribution.
• Primarily designed for
purposes like penetration
testing and digital forensics.
Developed by Offensive
Security Ltd. and released
on 13 th March 2013.
The latest version released
is Kali 2.0

[Audio] The Kali Linux operating system is known for its open-source nature, making it free and secure. There is no risk of viruses or malware infecting the system. Additionally, Kali Linux is highly customizable, allowing users to tailor the operating system to their specific needs. Furthermore, the low hardware cost associated with using Kali Linux makes it an attractive option for many users. On the other hand, Windows is a closed-source operating system, which means it comes with a higher price tag, specifically around Rs. 7000 for the non-professional version. Moreover, Windows is not as customizable as Kali Linux, and it can be vulnerable to viruses and malware. The high hardware cost of using Windows is also a significant drawback.. 

Scene 34

Windows
• Open source
• Free software
• Live CD distribution
. Secure
• No virus, Malware
• Low hardware cost
• Customizable and features.
Kali
• Closed source
Cost s around Rs. 7000 for
only the non-pro OS
No CD and Usb distribution
through common Cd's.
Insecure to an extent
Can be effected by a virus and
malware.
• High hardware cost.
Not customizable.

[Audio] It is critical to take the view of the attacker to see if your defenses are working. This approach allows you to identify vulnerabilities and strengthen your security posture. By taking on this mindset, you can ensure that your systems are better protected against potential threats.. 

Scene 35

DEVELOPER'S POINT OF VIEW
Mati Aharoni is the founder and core developer of kali Linux
project, as well the CEO of Offensive Security.
According to him-
"It is critical to take the view of the attacker to see if
your defenses are working."
This is the main idea behind the development of Kali Linux

[Audio] The advantages of using Kali Linux include its ability to help us test penetration legally, allowing us to identify vulnerabilities and close security gaps. This approach enables us to prioritize safety over potential risks. Additionally, Kali Linux is highly secure, providing a robust foundation for our work. However, we must also acknowledge the disadvantages. One significant limitation is that Kali Linux does not function like a traditional operating system, making it unsuitable for everyday use. Furthermore, the comprehensive access and knowledge provided by Kali Linux can be dangerous if not utilized responsibly, potentially leading to catastrophic consequences.. 

Scene 36

• ADVANTAGES.
• The main advantage of kali is that it is helps us test
penetration legally , giving us a benefit to find out loop holes
which serve as open entry points to our system.
• Basically helping us to be safe than sorry .
• It is highly secure .
• DISADVANTAGES:
• The disadvantage of this system is that it does not function
like a normal OS and cannot be used as one.
• It gives a complete access an knowledge of penetration , that
if not used wisely could have a near disastrous effect.

Kali-Linux-debian-distribution

kali linux OS is an open source penetration testing platform. This operating system provides a comprehensive set of tools for security professionals to conduct penetration tests, vulnerability assessments, and other forms of security testing. With kali linux OS, you can simulate real world attacks on computer systems, networks, and applications, allowing you to identify vulnerabilities and strengthen your defenses.

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Kali Linux is a Debian based Linux distribution designed specifically for advanced penetration testing and security auditing. Hundreds of tools are packed into this operating system, tailored towards various information security tasks such as penetration testing, security research, computer forensics, and reverse engineering. The development, funding, and maintenance of Kali Linux are handled by Offensive Security, a renowned information security training company.

Penetration testing is an authorized simulated attack on a computer system. It is a way to evaluate the security of the system by identifying its weaknesses and vulnerabilities. This process helps us understand how unauthorized parties might gain access to the system's features and data, as well as its strengths. By doing so, we can complete a comprehensive risk assessment.

Kali has more than 600 penetration testing tools, which provides a wide range of options for security professionals to utilize during tests. These tools cater to various tasks, including network scanning, vulnerability assessment, and exploitation. With such a vast array of tools at their disposal, security professionals can adapt their approach to suit each unique situation and target.

Every package in Kali Linux is digitally signed by its developer, ensuring authenticity. Additionally, the repositories sign the packages they contain, providing an extra layer of verification. Furthermore, Kali supports multiple languages, allowing users to work comfortably in their native tongue. The operating system is highly customizable, catering to diverse user needs. Moreover, Kali is compatible with single board systems such as Raspberry Pi and Beagle Bone Black, thanks to its A-R-M-E-L and A-R-M-H-F support. Finally, Kali maintains a minimalist approach to its repository set, minimizing the risk of contamination and ensuring a stable installation.

Kali Linux is not suitable for all users because it is primarily designed for professional penetration testing, making it less accessible and easier to use compared to other operating systems like Linux. This is due to its specific focus on security and penetration testing, which requires specialized knowledge and expertise. Therefore, it is not recommended for general use or distribution. Instead, it is better suited for those who need advanced security features and tools for their work.

Kali is an open source operating system, but it's not a wide open source. A small and trusted team is responsible for maintaining and updating it, ensuring the community benefits from the collective knowledge and expertise of the developers, while preventing malicious activities. Using security and penetration testing tools within a network without proper authorization can lead to severe consequences, including personal and legal repercussions. Ignorance or lack of understanding will not serve as a valid defense; instead, all activities must be conducted with explicit permission and under the guidance of authorized personnel.

To ensure a smooth experience with Kali Linux, at least one gigabyte of disk space is needed, which should ideally be increased depending on the intended use. A minimum of 512 megabytes of R-A-M is also required, with more being recommended, particularly for graphical environments. Moreover, the system must support U-S-B or CD/DVD booting. The Kali Linux I-S-O can be downloaded from the official website at kali.

Kali Linux provides various ways to utilize its functionality. You can install it directly on a computer's hard drive, enabling native operation. This grants access to all tools and features whenever required. Alternatively, Kali Linux can be booted from a live 400 or U-S-B--, permitting testing without altering the existing setup. This option is suitable for trying out Kali Linux before permanent installation. Additionally, Kali Linux can be run on a virtual machine, allowing coexistence with other operating systems and seamless switching. Moreover, Kali Linux can even be installed within a chroot environment on an Android device, providing a full featured version accessible anywhere.

The procedure's details will depend on whether you are performing it on a Windows, Linux, or OS 10 system. We assume that a U-S-B drive is available to serve as the installation medium. Note that the U-S-B drive should be approximately 4/8 gigabytes in size, with all data being erased.

To create a bootable pen drive and install Kali, first press F-1-2 for the boot option while the system starts. Then, navigate to the boot menu and select the option to insert and format your pen drive. Next, copy the Kali image file onto the U-S-B drive. Once this process is complete, shut down the system and restart it. Click on Live 64 Kali and set Legacy to ON. Finally, ensure safe boot is set to O-F-F-.

The process begins by installing the system. This involves copying data to disk, ensuring that all necessary components are in place. The installation can be done manually, but it's recommended to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer or online documentation, such as tecmint, for a smooth and successful installation.

When configuring the package manager, we have the option to use a network mirror to supplement the software that's included on the CD-ROM. This can provide us with newer versions of software, making it easier to keep our systems up to date. The question is, should we use a network mirror?

The package manager is currently being configured by retrieving a configuration file from a remote server located at tecmint. Please wait for this process to be completed. Once finished, the configuration file will be used to set up the package manager on your system.

G-R-U-B can be installed safely to the master boot record if this is the only operating system on the computer. However, if there's another operating system present, modifying the master boot record may temporarily render it unbootable. But G-R-U-B can be manually configured later to boot it. The decision is yours: do you want to install G-R-U-B to the master boot record? O

Now that the installation process has been completed, it's time to start using our new system. We must remove the installation media, whether it's a CD-ROM or floppy disks, so that we can boot into our new system instead of restarting the installation. This will enable us to begin using our system as intended.

Select the desired entry by using the arrow keys and pressing Enter to boot the selected option. Alternatively, you can press 'e' to edit the commands before booting. If you prefer, you can also press 'c' to execute a command line interface. The highlighted entry will be executed automatically in three seconds. After rebooting the machine, you will be prompted with the Kali Linux boot menu, where you can choose to boot normally into the system.

After system booting, you will see the login screen for kali Linux 1.1.0. Use the default username 'root' and the password you set during the installation process at step 10 to log in.

The quietest moments can often reveal the most profound insights. As we navigate through our daily lives, it's easy to get caught up in the noise and distractions around us. But when we take the time to quiet ourselves, we're able to tune in to the subtle whispers of wisdom that surround us. The quieter we become, the more we're able to hear. This is a reminder to slow down, reflect, and listen to the world around us. By doing so, we may discover hidden truths and gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and others.

In this digital era, we heavily depend on computers to remain organized and concentrated. Clicking and viewing our appointments and tasks is a crucial function, allowing us to monitor our daily routines, guaranteeing timely completion of tasks and meeting deadlines efficiently. With a comprehensive understanding of our responsibilities, we can better allocate our work and manage our time effectively. As we quieten down, we become more receptive to our surroundings, reminding us to focus on what genuinely matters. By staying linked to our computer's scheduling features, we can attain higher productivity and equilibrium in our lives.

These popular security tools used in Kali Linux can be grouped into categories such as Information Gathering, Vulnerability Analysis, Web Applications, Password Attacks, Wireless Attacks, Exploitation Tools, Sniffing/Spoofing, Maintaining Access, Reverse Engineering, Stress Testing, Hardware Hacking, Forensics, Reporting Tools, and System Services. Examples of these tools include dnsdict6, dnsenum, dnsmap, dnsrecon, dnstracer, dnswalk, fierce, maltego, nmap, urlcrazy, and zenmap. These tools assist penetration testers and ethical hackers in gathering information about a target system, identifying vulnerabilities, and exploiting them to gain access. Additionally, they facilitate maintaining access, reverse engineering, stress testing, hardware hacking, forensics, and reporting.

You can now upgrade your Kali Linux system to the latest version 1.1.0 by issuing simple apt get commands. This eliminates the need to download I-S-O files and perform a fresh installation. Instead, you can simply upgrade your running system to the newer version using these commands.

These penetration testing programs can help us identify vulnerabilities in our systems and networks. Nmap scans ports and detects open doors. Wireshark analyzes packets and understands network traffic. John The Ripper cracks passwords, while Aircrack ng tests wireless L-A-N security. iKat is a hacking tool used for reconnaissance. Hydra brute forces passwords, Maltego visualizes data relationships, and Metasloit enables exploit development. Owasp Zap and Sqlmap help us find S-Q-L injection flaws and take control of database servers.

In this section, we explore essential tools in Kali Linux, including apropos, which searches Help manual pages for specific information about commands and options. Apropos is followed by apt get and aptitude, package managers that facilitate software installation and updates. Aspell is a spell checker that identifies and corrects typos and grammatical errors. Awk is a versatile tool for finding and replacing text, sorting databases, validating data, and indexing large datasets. Basename strips directory and suffix from filenames, making file path management easier. Bash, bc, bg, break, builtin, and bzip2 are additional tools, including a default shell, an arbitrary precision calculator, a process sender, a loop exit, a shell builtin runner, and a file compressor/decompressor. These tools enhance productivity and efficiency in daily tasks.

These commands enable us to manipulate files and directories, configure our system, and interact with external devices. We can utilize cal to display a calendar, case to conditionally execute a command based on specific conditions, cat to concatenate and display the content of files, cd to change our current directory, and cfdisk to partition our hard drive. Furthermore, we have chgrp to alter group ownership, chmod to modify access permissions, chown to change file owner and group, and chroot to run a command with a different root directory. Moreover, we can employ chkconfig to manage system services, cksum to calculate checksums, clear to clear the terminal screen, cmp to compare files, comm to compare sorted files, and command to execute a command. We can also utilize continue to resume the execution of a loop, CP to copy files, cron to schedule tasks, crontab to manage scheduled tasks, csplit to split files, cut to divide files, and command to disregard shell functions. These commands grant us the necessary tools to efficiently manage our system and achieve various objectives.

The commands listed enable us to manage our computer's date and time, perform calculations, manipulate files, display information about our system, and automate tasks. We can use these commands to check the current date and time, calculate mathematical expressions, copy and convert files, estimate disk space usage, and more. With these tools, we can efficiently manage our computer's resources and streamline our workflow.

Commands are essential tools for managing and interacting with your operating system. The groupadd command allows us to add a new user security group, while groupdel deletes an existing group. Groupmod modifies an existing group. Groups displays the group names a user is a member of. Gzip compresses or decompresses named files, making it easy to manage large data sets. Hash remembers the full pathname of a name, ensuring accurate referencing. Head outputs the first part of a file, providing a quick glance at its contents. Help displays detailed instructions for built in commands, helping us navigate the system more effectively. History keeps track of our previous commands, allowing us to recall and reuse them as needed. These are just a few examples of the many commands available to us. By mastering these commands, we can streamline our workflow and become more efficient in our work.

Commands used to create and manage files and directories are mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, mmv, and mkdir. These commands enable you to create new folders, make named pipes, and move or rename existing files and directories.

Quota is used to display disk usage and limits. This command helps administrators monitor the available storage space on a file system. By using quota, they can identify areas where disk space is being consumed and take necessary actions to optimize storage utilization.

These commands can help you manage your files and directories more efficiently. The v command allows you to verbosely list directory contents, while vdir does the same thing. The vi editor provides a simple way to edit text files. Vmstat reports on your computer's virtual memory statistics, giving you valuable insights into how it's being used. Wait lets you pause a process until it's finished, ensuring that you don't interrupt its execution. Watch executes a program repeatedly, allowing you to monitor its progress over time. Wc prints the byte, word, and line counts of a file, helping you understand its size and structure. Whereis searches for a program or file across various locations, making it easy to find what you need. Which does the same thing but only looks in the user's path. While loops execute commands as long as a condition remains true. Who lists all users currently logged in, providing a snapshot of who's active on your system. Whoami shows you your current user ID and name. Wget retrieves web pages or files using HTTP, HTTPS, or F-T-P protocols. Write sends a message to another user, facilitating communication. Xargs executes a utility with arguments constructed from input, and Xdg open opens a file or U-R-L in the user's preferred application. These commands can greatly enhance your productivity and workflow.

Ubuntu is a popular open source operating system that can be used as both a desktop and server distribution. Its primary goal is to meet the general requirements of both desktop and server environments, while also being suitable for use on smart TVs. The development and release of Ubuntu were undertaken by Canonical Ltd., starting from 2004. Kali Linux, on the other hand, is a specialized operating system that focuses primarily on penetration testing and digital forensics. This distribution was developed by Offensive Security Ltd. and first released in 2013. The most recent version available is Kali 2.0.

The Kali Linux operating system is known for its open source nature, making it free and secure. There is no risk of viruses or malware infecting the system. Additionally, Kali Linux is highly customizable, allowing users to tailor the operating system to their specific needs. Furthermore, the low hardware cost associated with using Kali Linux makes it an attractive option for many users. On the other hand, Windows is a closed source operating system, which means it comes with a higher price tag, specifically around Rs. 7000 for the non professional version. Moreover, Windows is not as customizable as Kali Linux, and it can be vulnerable to viruses and malware. The high hardware cost of using Windows is also a significant drawback.

It is critical to take the view of the attacker to see if your defenses are working. This approach allows you to identify vulnerabilities and strengthen your security posture. By taking on this mindset, you can ensure that your systems are better protected against potential threats.

The advantages of using Kali Linux include its ability to help us test penetration legally, allowing us to identify vulnerabilities and close security gaps. This approach enables us to prioritize safety over potential risks. Additionally, Kali Linux is highly secure, providing a robust foundation for our work. However, we must also acknowledge the disadvantages. One significant limitation is that Kali Linux does not function like a traditional operating system, making it unsuitable for everyday use. Furthermore, the comprehensive access and knowledge provided by Kali Linux can be dangerous if not utilized responsibly, potentially leading to catastrophic consequences.