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TOPIC 1 – INTRODUCTION TO LAW & POLITICS 

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It is very important for us to know  the definition of both area of the study and see how they are related to one another. This is because:- As a citizen, you will be exposed to the reality of life;  law and politics As a player of politics,  you need to maneuver yourself within it As a legal professional, you don't want to be influenced  by Politics As the seeker of truth;  you don't want politics to dominate the environment 

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It is very important because:-  You want to pass this paper! You need to be aware of what is going  on with the society You don't want to be manipulated by anyone You want to be in control,  in a world that is out of control You want justice not only for yourself but  for everyone else 

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Law is a system of rules created  and enforced through social or  governmental institutions to regulate behavior, (with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate). 

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Politics (from Greek; 'affairs of the cities') is  the set of activities that are associated with making  decisions in groups, or  other forms of power relations between individuals,  such as the distribution of resources or status. The academic study of politics is  referred to as political science. 

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In the view of Harold Lasswell (P/scientist),  politics is "who gets what, when, how." For David Easton(P/scientist),  it is about "the authoritative allocation of values for a society." To Vladimir Lenin (P/Theorist),  "politics is the most concentrated expression of economics." Bernard Crick (P/Theorist) argued  that "politics is a distinctive form of rule whereby people act  together through institutionalized procedures to resolve  differences, to conciliate  diverse interests and values and  to make public policies in the pursuit of common purposes." 

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According to Adrian Leftwich (P/Activist): "Politics comprises all the activities of co-operation,  negotiation and conflict within and  between societies, whereby people go  about organizing the use,  production or distribution of human,  natural and other resources in the course of the production and  reproduction of their biological and social life." 

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Photo by Charlz Gutiérrez De Piñeres on Unsplash

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Fact: Law is something that can be dangerous to Politicians

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Political history studies  the organization and operation of power in large societies. By focusing on the elites in power,  on their impact on society, on popular response, and  on the relationships with the elites in other social history, which focuses predominantly on the actions and  lifestyles of ordinary people, or people's history, which is historical work  from the perspective of the common people. e.g. politics of slavery / transatlantic slavery  

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Political history is the narrative and  survey, of political events, ideas, movements, organs of government,  voters, parties and leaders.   It is interrelated to other fields of history,  especially diplomatic history, as well as constitutional history and public history. 

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Diplomatic history deals  with the history of international relations between states. Diplomatic history can be  different from international relations in that the former can concern itself with the foreign policy of one state while the latter deals with relations between two or more states. Diplomatic history tends to be more concerned with the history of diplomacy,  but international relations concern more with current events and  creating a model intended to shed explanatory light on international politics. e.g. Foreign Envoys, Special Envoys,  Messengers, Representatives, Ambassadors, 

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Reflect the establishment of a given  country by way of the historical perspective. e.g. Constitutional History of Malaysia Constitutional History of Thailand Constitutional History of England        and many others  

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Concerning the history of the people as a whole. e.g. People of China  People of India People of Europe People of America  

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Political philosophy is  the study of fundamental questions about the state, government, politics,  liberty, justice and the enforcement of a legal code by authority. It is Ethics applied to a group of people, and discusses how a society should be  set up and how one should act within a society. Individual rights (such as the right to life,  liberty, property, the pursuit of happiness, free speech, self-defense,  etc.) state explicitly the requirements for a person to benefit rather than suffer from living in a society. 

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Political theory also engages  questions of a broader scope,  tackling the political nature of phenomena and categories such as identity,  culture, sexuality, race, wealth, human-nonhuman relations,  ecology, religion, and more. 

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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Political_terminology&pagefrom=Metapolitics#mw-pages 

https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/vocabulary-political-words/ 

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Political methodology is  a subfield of political science that studies  the quantitative and qualitative methods used  to study politics. Quantitative methods combine statistics, mathematics,  and formal theory. Political methodology is  often used for positive research,  in contrast to normative research. 

Positivism is a philosophical theory which states  that "genuine" knowledge (knowledge of anything which is  not true by definition) is  exclusively derived from experience of natural phenomena and  their properties and relations. Thus, information derived from sensory experience,  as interpreted through reason and  logic, forms the exclusive source of all certain knowledge. Positivism therefore holds  that all genuine knowledge is a posteriori knowledge. 

Normative generally means  relating to an evaluative standard.  Normativity is the phenomenon in human societies of designating  some actions or outcomes as good or  desirable or permissible and  others as bad or undesirable or impermissible. A norm in this normative sense means  a standard for evaluating  or making judgments about behavior or outcomes. 

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A variety of methods are  deployed in politics, which include  promoting one's own political views among people,  negotiation with other political subjects,  making laws, and exercising  force, including warfare against adversaries. 

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Legal and Political System Legal and Political Culture and Obligation Legal and Political Socialisation Legal and Political Change 

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Legal and Political System (establishing the link between law and  a given political system in the world) 

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Defines the process for making  official government decisions Q? but what is government? and  in what kind of system that the official government decisions being  made? Look at what is the society setting  they are in then we are  able to understand how political system works. 

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Band society – perhaps a group or  a camp making it a simple type of human society,  normally  A gathering of a small families,  no larger than an extended family or clan. Probably around 30 to 50 individuals.  

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Tribe society – larger, consisting of many families. Tribes have more social institutions,  such as a chief or elders. More permanent than bands. Many tribes are sub-divided into bands.  

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Chiefdom – larger than both band and tribe. More authoritarian in nature where power are  centered to single lineage/family perhaps with elite class as the ruling  class in the form of families or 'houses'. A stage like hierarchy comprises of several tiers. Extended to several villages under the paramount chief. 

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Empires – a very large location of land and  waters under the control of a single ruler who control  under one religion and  always are at war with their neighboring  empire or state. 

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Photo by Rayi Christian Wicaksono on Unsplash

Sovereign state – defined  territory with general population of residence in permanent nature. Ability to enter into diplomatic relationship with other sovereign states. 

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Supranational political systems –  A group of nations joining  force to achieve a common goal or  gain strength from forming such an alliance. 

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Photo by Tingey Injury Law Firm on Unsplash

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First is the understanding of what is Culture? What is then Political Culture? Who came up with this term? Why is it important to them? Why is it important to us who study law?  

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What is Culture? The way of life, especially the general customs and  beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time Cambridge Dictionary 

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What is Political Culture? Political culture, in political science,  a set of shared views and normative judgments held  by a population regarding its political system Britannica 

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Political culture, in political science,  a set of shared views and normative judgments held  by a population regarding its political system Britannica 

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The notion of political culture does not refer  to attitudes toward specific actors,  such as a president or  prime minister, but rather denotes  how people view the political system as a whole and  their belief in its legitimacy. Britannica 

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Lucian Pye defined political culture as the composite of basic values,  feelings, and knowledge that underlie  the political process. Hence, the building blocks of political culture are  the beliefs, opinions,  and emotions of the citizens toward their form of government. Britannica 

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Angry Trump supporters protest  election outcome at Roundhouse 

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Who came up with this term? Historians,  Political Scientist, Literary scholar (Philology), Anthropologist 

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Why is it important to them? In a parochial political culture,  citizens are only indistinctly aware of the existence of central government. In a subject political culture,  citizens see themselves not as participants in the political process but  as subjects of the government. In a participant political culture,  citizens believe both that they can contribute  to the system and that they are affected by it.  

Introduction to Law and Politics

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