Improvement in food resources

[Audio] Improvement in food resources. Improvement in food resources.

[Audio] Introduction All living organisms need food to derive energy for body development and survival. We obtain food from both plants and animals through agriculture and animal husbandry, respectively. It is important to bring improvement in food resources to meet the ever-increasing demand of the population. This includes the improvement of food resources not only in terms of quantity but also in quality, i.e. increase in yield as well as improvement in crop variety. We need sustainable practices in agriculture and animal husbandry to achieve this without compromising the environment and natural balance. Mixed farming, intercropping, and integrated farming practices are some examples of sustainable and scientific management practices..

Improvement in food resources Crop variety i rnproven•ent Crop protection i n•provernent Factors : l. 2. 3. 4. Factors : Higher yield Biotic & Abiotic resistance Iluproved variety Wider adaptability M i xed Cropping 2- Crop 1 Crop production i luproven•ent 1 Factors : Nutrient rnanagenæn Irrigation Cropping patterns Inter Cropping NI an ure Ferti I i zer Wells Rivers Life systern Crop Rotation Weed 1. Protection in fiel Insect Disease 2. Protection during storage Biotic Abiotic.

[Audio] Crop Production Management The plants that are grown and harvested by farmers for-profit and subsistence are called crops. Crops can be consumed by animals and humans and are essential to sustain life. The branch of science that deals with the study of cultivations of crops and the rearing of cattle are called agriculture. Agriculture or aquaculture are the two modes by which crops can be cultivated. Harvested crops are used as food for humans or fodder for livestock. Examples of crops are- Grains, vegetables, fruits, etc. It also includes macroscopic funguses like mushrooms and algae..

[Audio] Nutrient Management Nutrient management refers to the efficient use of crops to improve productivity. It is necessary to balance the soil nutrient input with the crop requirement. If the nutrients are applied at the right time and in adequate quantities, optimum crop yield is obtained..

[Audio] Manure and Fertilizer Manures A manure contains small amounts of essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium Fertilizers Fertilizers are very rich in plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium..

[Audio] Manure Manure is the decomposed form of dead plants and animals, which is applied to the soil to increase production. It is a natural form of fertilizer and is cost-effective. The human and animal excreta is also used as manure. The livestock manure is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Manure is highly rich in organic matter and humus and thus improves the soil fertility. These are better in the long run and does not cause any pollution. It is a valuable and renewable resource..

[Audio] Types of Manure Manure can be grouped as farmyard manure, green manure and compost manure. Following are the different types of manure used by the farmers: Green Manure Green manure increases the percentage of organic matter in the soil. The roots of such manures go deep into the soil. These help in the suppression of weeds and the prevention of soil erosion. Farmyard Manure Farmyard manure improves the soil structure and is used as a natural fertilizer in farming. It increases the soil capacity to hold more water and nutrients. It also increases the microbial activity of the soil to improve its mineral supply and also the plant nutrients. Compost Manure It improves the soil structure and water and nutrient holding capacity of the soil. Thus, it increases the nutrient value and thereby improves the health of the plants..

GREEN MANURE CROPS CLUSTER BEAN COW PEA CROTALARIA JUNCEA T he Learning App SESBANIA ACULEATA SESBANIA ROSTRATA.

[Audio] Advantages of Manure These are a good source of macronutrients. Improves soil fertility. Cost-effective Reduces soil erosion and leaching. Improves the physical properties of the soil and aerates the soil. Improves the water and nutrient holding capacity of the soil. It can be transported easily. Methane gas is evolved as the by-product of manure that can be used for cooking and heating purposes. The crops grown on the land treated with manure produces healthy crops.

[Audio] Disadvantages there are some disadvantages of compost manure that may dissuade you from using it. Careful handling and choosing the right manure can solve some of these problems..

MANURING DBYJU'S.

[Audio] Fertilizer What are Fertilizers? Fertilizers are additional substances supplied to the crops to increase their productivity. These are used by the farmers daily to increase the crop yield. These fertilizers contain essential nutrients required by the plants, including nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus..

[Audio] Advantages of Fertilizer Easy to transport, store, and apply For supplying a specific nutrient we can select a specific fertilizer due to its nutrient specific nature Water-soluble and can easily dissolve in the soil. Hence, they are easily absorbed by the plants They have a rapid effect on the crops Increase the crop yield and provide enough food to feed the large population Predictable and reliable.

[Audio] Disadvantages of Fertilizer Expensive The ingredients in the fertilizers are toxic to the skin and respiratory system Excessive use of fertilizers damages the plants and reduces soil fertility Leaching occurs and the fertilizers reach the rivers causing eutrophication Long term use reduces the microbial activity and disturbs the pH of the soil.

[Audio] Uses of fertilizers Fertilizers are used for various purposes. The uses of fertilizers are mentioned below: Used to provide additional nutrients to the plants They are added to improve the yield of the crops Nitrogen-rich fertilizers are used for the greening of lawns Organic fertilizers improve the texture and fertility of the soil Gardeners use fertilizers to address certain needs of the plants such as nutritional needs Fertilizers are added to potted plants to replace the lost nutrients.

[Audio] Fertilizers are used for various purposes. The uses of fertilizers are mentioned below: Used to provide additional nutrients to the plants They are added to improve the yield of the crops Nitrogen-rich fertilizers are used for the greening of lawns Organic fertilizers improve the texture and fertility of the soil Gardeners use fertilizers to address certain needs of the plants such as nutritional needs Fertilizers are added to potted plants to replace the lost nutrients Fertilizers are mainly classified into two main types, organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic Fertilizers Natural fertilizers derived from plants and animals are known as organic fertilizers. By adding carbonic molecules necessary for plant growth, it enriches the soil. Organic fertilizers boost the amount of organic matter in the soil, encourage microbial reproduction, and alter the physical and chemical composition of the soil. It is regarded as one of the essential elements for foods that are green. Organic fertilizers can be obtained from the following products: Agricultural Waste Livestock Manure Industrial Waste Municipal Sludge.

[Audio] Inorganic Fertilizers Chemical fertilizers generated by chemical techniques that contain nutrients for crop growth are known as inorganic fertilizers. The inorganic fertilizers are of the following types: Nitrogen Fertilizers Nitrogen fertilizers contain nitrogen necessary for the development of crops. Nitrogen, a key constituent of chlorophyll, helps main balance in the process of photosynthesis. It is also a part of amino acids in plants and contains protein. Nitrogen fertilizers improve the production and quality of agricultural products..

[Audio] Phosphorus Fertilizer In a phosphorus fertilizer, phosphorus is the principal nutrient. The effective phosphorus concentration, fertilization techniques, soil characteristics, and crop strains all affect how successful a fertilizer is. The protoplasm of the cell contains phosphorus, which is crucial for cell growth and proliferation. The growth of the plants' roots is aided by the phosphorus fertilizer..

[Audio] Fertilizers Fertilizers' are chemical compounds which include salts or organic compounds like urea, ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate etc. They are the sources of plant nutrients like potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Fertilizers are commercial products mainly manufactured in factories. They have enhanced the yield spontaneously. Chemical fertilizers should be used in optimum amount with great care. Their excess use may lead to soil infertility, water pollution, and even cause disease. Overall, it damages the crop. Hence it is advisable to use organic manure instead of chemical fertilizers..

[Audio] Other alternative methods for soil replenishment are vermicomposting, crop rotation, growing of leguminous plants, etc. Vermicompost or vermiculture is the compost obtained by the activities of various strains of earthworms on organic wastes. These are used as manure. Crop rotation is an ancient method wheAre different types of crops are cultivated in alternate years. This increases the mineral content of the soil. In some regions, leguminous plants like pea plants are also used in crop rotation. The root nodules of leguminous plants consist of nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil, thereby increasing its fertility..

[Audio] Manure Manuring is the process of addition of natural or chemical sources of nutrients for the crop. Natural sources include dead wastes of plants, humans and animals, excreta and other wastes. These on decomposition give organic products called organic manure or simply manure. Manure improves the water holding capacity, aeration, and texture of the soil. These lead to the development of a new method of farming called organic farming where only organic fertilizers , pesticides, etc. are used..

FERTILIZERS VS MANURE The Leotniog App FERTILIZER A fertilizer is an inorganic salt A fertilizer is prepared in factories A fertilizer does not provide any humus to the soil Fertilizers are very rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and MANURE Manure is a natural substance by the of cattle dung, human waste and plant residues Manure can be prepared in the fields Manure provides a lot of humus to the soil Manure is relatively less rich in plant nutrients.

[Audio] Irrigation. Irrigation.

[Audio] What is irrigation? Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their water requirements. Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. The various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells and even dams. Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development, germination and other related functions..

[Audio] Types of Irrigation Surface irrigation. Localized irrigation. Drip irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation. Center pivot irrigation. Lateral move irrigation. Sub-irrigation. Manual irrigation..

[Audio] Surface irrigation Water is distributed over and across land by gravity, no mechanical pump involved. Localized irrigation Water is distributed under low pressure, through a piped network and applied to each plant. Drip irrigation A type of localized irrigation in which drops of water are delivered at or near the root of plants. In this type of irrigation, evaporation and runoff are minimized. Sprinkler irrigation Water is distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns from a central location in the field or from sprinklers on moving platforms..

[Audio] Center pivot irrigation Water is distributed by a system of sprinklers that move on wheeled towers in a circular pattern. This system is common in flat areas of the United States. Lateral move irrigation Water is distributed through a series of pipes, each with a wheel and a set of sprinklers, which are rotated either by hand or with a purpose-built mechanism. The sprinklers move a certain distance across the field and then need to have the water hose reconnected for the next distance. This system tends to be less expensive but requires more labor than others. Sub-irrigation Water is distributed across land by raising the water table, through a system of pumping stations, canals, gates, and ditches. This type of irrigation is most effective in areas with high water tables. Manual irrigation Water is distributed across land through manual labor and watering cans. This system is very labor intensive..

[Audio] Importance of Irrigation. The importance of irrigation can be explained in the following points: Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. Droughts and famines are caused due to low rainfall. Irrigation helps to increase productivity even in low rainfall. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the un-irrigated land. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of the regions. However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year. Irrigation facilities make it possible to grow more than one crop in most of the areas of the country. Irrigation has helped to bring most of the fallow land under cultivation. Irrigation has stabilized the output and yield levels. Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases the income of the farmers..

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[Audio] Cropping Patterns. Cropping Patterns.

[Audio] What is Cropping Pattern ? Cropping pattern refers to the proportion of land under cultivation of different crops at different points of time. This indicates the time and arrangement of crops in a particular land area. Any change in the cropping pattern would cause: change in the proportion of land under different crops change in space sequence and time of crops In India, the cropping pattern is determined by rainfall, temperature, climate, technology and soil type..

[Audio] Types of Cropping Patterns In order to obtain maximum yields, different patterns of cropping are practiced. The major cropping patterns include the following: Monocropping Monocropping reduces soil fertility and destroys the structure of the soil. Chemical fertilizers are required to upgrade production. This practice allows the spread of pests and diseases. Mixed Cropping When two or more crops are grown on the same land simultaneously, it is known as mixed cropping. For eg., growing wheat and gram on the same land at the same time is mixed cropping. This practice minimizes the risk of failure of one of the crops and insures against crop failure due to abnormal weather conditions..

[Audio] The crops to be grown together should have a different maturation time and different water requirements. One tall and one dwarf crop should be grown together. The nutrients required by one crop should be less than those required by the other. One crop should have deep roots, other's should be shallow. All these criteria lead to a successful mixed cropping pattern. Advantages of Mixed Cropping The crop yield increases. The pest infestation is minimized. Reduction in the risk of crop failure. The soil is utilized properly. More than one variety of crops can be harvested at the same time..

[Audio] Intercropping Intercropping is the practice of growing more than one crop on the same field at the same time in a definite row pattern. After one row of the main crop, three rows of intercrops can be grown. This increases productivity per unit area. Intercropping can be of different types: Row Intercropping When the component crops are arranged in alternate rows it is known as row intercropping. It helps in optimum utilization of land space and suppression of weeds during the early stages of the main crop. Intercropping Intercropping is the practice of growing more than one crop on the same field at the same time in a definite row pattern. After one row of the main crop, three rows of intercrops can be grown. This increases productivity per unit area. Intercropping can be of different types: Row Intercropping When the component crops are arranged in alternate rows it is known as row intercropping. It helps in optimum utilization of land space and suppression of weeds during the early stages of the main crop..

[Audio] Strip Intercropping When two or more crops are grown in wide strips so that the two crops can be managed separately, it is known as strip cropping. However, the crops are close enough to interact. Relay Intercropping In this type of intercropping, a second crop is planted when the existed crop has flowered but not harvested. For eg., Rice-Cauliflower- Onion-Summer gourds..

[Audio] Advantages of Intercropping The fertility of the soil is maintained. The spread of diseases and pests is controlled. Optimum utilization of resources. The space and time of growing more than one crop are saved. Maximum utilization of nutrients present in the soil. Maize and soybean, bajra and lobea are some of the crops grown as intercrops..

[Audio] Crop Rotation In this pattern, different crops are grown on the same land in preplanned succession. The crops are classified as one-year rotation, two-year rotation, and three-year rotation, depending upon their duration. Legumes are included in the crop rotation programme to increase soil fertility. The crops which require high fertility level ( wheat) can be grown after the legumes. The crops which require low inputs can be grown after the crops that require high inputs..

[Audio] How are the crops selected for Rotation? While selecting the crops for rotation, the following criteria should be adopted: Enough moisture should be available. Availability of fertilizers, man-power, and machine-power. Marketing and processing facilities. Availability of nutrients in the soil. The crop duration- short or long. Advantages of Crop Rotation The soil fertility is maintained for a prolonged period. The growth of weeds and pests is prevented. A lot of chemical fertilizers are not required. The physical and chemical nature of the soil remains unaltered..

[Audio] Factors Affecting Cropping Patterns The cropping patterns determine the level of agricultural production. This reflects the agricultural economy of any region. The cropping patterns are affected by changes in agrarian policy, availability of agricultural inputs, improvement in technology. Thus, the cropping patterns are beneficial in improving the fertility of the soil, thereby, increasing the yield of the crops. It ensures crop protection and availability of nutrients to the crops..

RABI TYPE OF CROPPING SEASONS KHARIF ZAID.