[Virtual Presenter] Good morning everyone. Today we will be exploring the complex economic ethical and psychological factors that contribute to the COVID-19 vaccination rates in Third World Countries. Let's dive into the presentation to examine how these factors interact and influence the success of these vaccination efforts.. 

Scene 1

Factors affecting COVID-19 Vaccination rates in Third World Countries

[Audio] The global pandemic of COVID-19 has had drastic effects all over the world and more so in the case of third world countries where the situation is much worse. This slide shows us some of the factors that have influenced the vaccine rates in those countries. Some of the factors are economic concerns the association between the vaccines and the stimulus packages research done to understand the viability of long-term investments in these countries and the ethical implications of launching the vaccine. We hope that this slide will help us in deepening our knowledge and better understanding the factors which contribute to the vaccine rates in third world countries.. 

Scene 2

[Audio] With the current COVID-19 pandemic there are fears that manifest in animals and cause PTSD-like changes to their brains and behaviour. This phenomenon has been studied in animal models especially in the context of survival instincts. Nevertheless we cannot ignore the words of former U-S President Franklin D Roosevelt in his 1933 inaugural address that we must look forward and not be mired in the fear of the past. Going ahead it is important to move beyond this difficult season and look towards the future.. 

Scene 3

Predator-induced fear causes PTSD-like changes in the brains and behaviour of wild animals Primarily discusses PTSD in animal models Also discusses survival instincts  - survival instincts in humans Connection to recent events such as COVID FDR Inaugural Address Discusses theme of fear Fear of past

[Audio] Regarding COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in third world countries our research has established the main factors responsible for this hesitancy. These factors span from financial insufficiency to scarcity of reliable information. We are currently investigating how we can tackle these factors to further boost vaccination rates and consequently reduce mortality.. 

Scene 4

What are the largest factors which impacted COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in third world countries?

[Audio] COVID-19 vaccines have been a prominent topic of conversation in recent times since the outbreak of the pandemic. There have been achievements in the development of the vaccines however there is still a considerable amount of doubt surrounding the use of these vaccines across many parts of the globe. Vaccine hesitancy is not a new phenomenon having had its beginnings in the 18th century with Edward Jenner’s experimentation that sparked much debate. More recently in 1954 the Salk vaccine was met with some apprehension as it followed the Wever catastrophe. Additionally the M-M-R controversy leading to worries regarding a potential link between the vaccine and developing autism further fuelled vaccine hesitancy. This highlights the pressing role of the media in influencing the public perception of vaccines which have a considerable effect on decision-making.. 

Scene 5

Major Concern throughout history Jenner - early testing in children, drew criticism (Reece) Salk vaccine declined incidence of Polio after introduction in 1954 (Holdren) Wever catastrophe Additional incidents - MMR controversy - suspected to cause autism Mass media coverage - distrust for vaccines Reece - NIH Fear impacts decision making

[Audio] COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy remains a significant problem. In 2019 it was among the top 10 global threats identified by the World Health Organization. President Franklin D Roosevelt aptly observed that “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” yet this fear lingers despite evidence highlighting the efficacy of the vaccines in curbing the virus.. 

Scene 6

Remains a large problem Top 10 global threats (WHO) Roosevelt - fear Fear despite efficacy rates (Shretta)

[Audio] COVID-19 vaccines offer a way to stop the virus from spreading however third world countries are facing a special set of difficulties when it comes to obtaining it. These involve economic issues for instance disease spread through food markets rising unemployment along with restricted production in third world countries. Additionally the research and manufacturing of the vaccine have been limited because it has to be stored at -94 degrees farenheit. Fortunately organizations like C-O-V-A-X have been created to minimize economic costs and extend availability of the vaccine.. 

Scene 7

Food markets spread illness (Hein) Unemployment rate jumped (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities) Distribution of the vaccines Limited manufacturing capacity Cold Temperatures -94 °F Felter and Shretta Research and Development (Plotkin) COVAX launched to mitigate economic costs (Duroseau)

[Audio] Despite economic worries around the expense of the vaccine and the equipment it necessitates especially in underdeveloped nations Arellano's Hafner's model may help to even out access and guarantee unbiased access to the vaccine. Unfortunately many wealthy countries have already purchased most of the existing vaccines which makes it hard for developing nations to obtain the same access to the vaccine.. 

Scene 8

Less effective in emerging markets Costly in terms of resources Hafner’s model (Arellano) Equitable access Developing countries have less access (Zhang) Wealthy countries get a majority (Torreele)

[Audio] The COVID-19 vaccine rollout has been a complex endeavor for many countries especially those in the developing world. This slide shows the daily number of immunizations administered in each country and the 7-day rolling average of vaccine doses. The data provided here shows the sheer scale of immunizations that are occurring worldwide with the majority of doses going to areas with larger populations. However there are still many places that are struggling to get vaccinations to those who are in need. Our World in Data is the source of the data displayed here.. 

Scene 9

[image] Daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered, Oct 3, 2022
7-day rolling average. All doses. including boosters, are counted individually.
our world
No data O
1000
3000
10,000
30000
100.oco
300.
I million
Data source: Official data collated by Our World in Data
3 million 10 million 30miIlion
CC BY

[Audio] The graph illustrates the number of COVID-19 tests conducted in five separate countries over two years. On the left the amount of tests conducted between February 14th 2020 and August 8th 2020 is represented while the right-hand side displays the tests undertaken between February 24th 2021 and September 12th 2021. This data has been sourced from official figures and presented as a rolling seven-day average by Our World in Data. It is important to keep in mind that discrepancies in testing policies and reporting practices may impact the evaluation of testing rates between countries.. 

Scene 10

[image] Daily COVID-19 tests
The figures are given as a rolling 7•day average. Comparisons across countries are affected by differences in
testing policies and reporting methods.
5 million
4 million
3 million
2 million
I million
Feb 14.2020 Aug 8. 2020
Our ld
India
samples tested
United Kingdom
tests perfo«ned
South Korea
people tested
Indonesia
people tested
South Africa
people tested
New Zealand
tests performed
Feb 24. 2021
Sep 12.2021
Data source: Official data collated by Our World in Data - Last updated 10 April 2024
Jun 23.2022
OurWorIdInData.org/coronavirus I CC BY

[Audio] COVID-19 vaccines present a difficult ethical challenge particularly in third world countries where individualism and religious reasons have created barriers in mass campaigns. Further complicating the matter is a general distrust of the technology and misinformation about its efficacy. In some cases attempts at mass vaccination have been used to test vaccine efficacy rather than preventing serious illness. Finally unequal distribution and segregation of vaccines in Africa also contribute to the difficulty of achieving successful vaccination rates.. 

Scene 11

Vaccine Mandates (WHO) Difficult to implement Sense of individualism (Kheng) and religious reasons Catholicism (Pelčić) Distrust of science Misinformation about vaccine technology (Abrode) “Used” to test efficacy Segregation Unequal distribution of vaccines in Africa (Torreele)

[Audio] Without the availability of sources from extremely underdeveloped areas the greatest challenge in researching the factors that impact the COVID-19 vaccination rates in Third World Countries is the lack of testing in these areas. As a result the data we present here is only an indication of what could be taking place in these locations due to the lack of reliable data.. 

Scene 12

Lack of sources from extremely underdeveloped areas Lack of testing led to skewed data

[Audio] Our research has revealed that many factors impact COVID-19 vaccination rates in third world countries such as infrastructure challenges cultural factors and future readiness. To achieve the objective of successful vaccine uptake the governments in those countries must offer the necessary resources to address these obstacles. With this we come to the end of our presentation. Thank you for your attention.. 

Scene 13

Many different causes of vaccine hesitancy Infrastructure Future readiness

[Audio] The works cited in this slide offer valuable insights on the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination rates in third world countries. Vaccine Hesitancy in Africa delves into the main causes of hesitancy towards the vaccine among the African population. COVID-19 Vaccination and Financial Frictions highlights evidence that the financial cost of the vaccine is too expensive for many third world citizens. Safety & Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines gives a narrative review on the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines themselves. Cumulative Confirmed COVID-19 Cases paints a picture of the actual effect of the virus across the region. Together these sources elucidate how the reality of the third world influences the vaccination rates for citizens in the region.. 

Scene 14

Aborode, Abdullahi Tunde, et al. “Vaccine Hesitancy in Africa: Causes and Strategies to the Rescue.” Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, vol. 9, Jan. 2021, p. 251513552110475, https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355211047514. Arellano, Cristina, et al. COVID-19 Vaccination and Financial Frictions. no. 632, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 2022. JSTOR, https://jstor.org/stable/community.34096062. Accessed 1 Mar. 2024. Chirico, Francesco, et al. “Safety & Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Narrative Review.” Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 155, no. 1, 2022, p. 91, https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_474_21. “Cumulative Confirmed COVID-19 Cases.” Our World in Data, 20 Mar. 2024, ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-covid-cases-region.

[Audio] Evidence suggests that access to vaccines is a significant factor that affects COVID-19 vaccination rates in third world countries. Delayed access to vaccines together with the economic effects of the pandemic has impacted their capacity to vaccinate their population. Additionally studies have identified potential risks and challenges connected to remote work that could further impede access to vaccination services in such countries.. 

Scene 15

De Vincenzi, Clara, et al. “Consequences of COVID-19 on Employees in Remote Working: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities an Evidence-Based Literature Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 18, 16 Sept. 2022, p. 11672, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9517495/, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811672. Duroseau, Brenice, et al. “The Impact of Delayed Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries.” Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 10, 12 Jan. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1087138. Edwards, Roxanna, et al. “U.S. Labor Market Shows Improvement in 2021, but the COVID-19 Pandemic Continues to Weigh on the Economy : Monthly Labor Review: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.” Www.bls.gov, June 2022, www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2022/article/us-labor-market-shows-improvement-in-2021-but-the-covid-19-pandemic-continues-to-weigh-on-the-economy.htm.

[Audio] COVID-19 has had varying effects on nations across the globe yet there is a pattern when it comes to vaccine access in developing countries. Claire Felter from the Council on Foreign Relations suggests that cost availability and infrastructure are determining factors that influence vaccination in poorer countries. Marco Hafner from the rand Corporation has analyzed the economic fallout of prioritizing domestic vaccination over foreign populations. Wolfgang Hein and Anne Paschke of the German Institute of Global and Area Studies believe access to the vaccine should be a worldwide perk. Kaitlin Hunter and David Kendall of Third Way are advocating for equal and effective distribution of the vaccine amongst all countries.. 

Scene 16

Felter, Claire, et al. A Guide to Global COVID-19 Vaccine Efforts. Council on Foreign Relations, 2021. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29817. Accessed 1 Mar. 2024. Felter, Claire. COVID-19: Why Vaccination Coverage Is Important. Council on Foreign Relations, 2020. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29829. Accessed 28 Feb. 2024. Hafner, Marco, et al. The Global Economic Cost of COVID-19 Vaccine Nationalism. RAND Corporation, 2020. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep27756. Accessed 28 Feb. 2024. Hein, Wolfgang, and Anne Paschke. Access to COVID-19 Vaccines and Medicines – a Global Public Good. German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), 2020. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25695. Accessed 26 Feb. 2024. Hunter, Kaitlin, and David Kendall. Equitable and Efficient Distribution of a COVID-19 Vaccine. Third Way, 2020. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25616. Accessed 28 Feb. 2024.

[Audio] Regarding vaccination rates of third world countries the adoption of a mandatory vaccine policy and the complexity and cost of vaccine manufacturing there are multiple aspects to consider. Religious and cultural values could be a potential barrier to individuals receiving a vaccine due to a lack of awareness and understanding of the importance of the vaccine or a strong belief in the religious values of their community. The manufacturing process of vaccines has a high complexity and cost which can make mass production and delivery difficult. Consequently the success of the vaccine rollout will be determined by people's perception of the vaccine and its economic feasibility of production distribution and administration.. 

Scene 17

Kheng, Khor Swee, and Nurul Ezzaty Hasbullah. Should COVID-19 Vaccines Be Mandatory? Institute of Strategic and International Studies, 2020. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29705. Accessed 28 Feb. 2024. Pelčić, Gordana, et al. “Religious Exception for Vaccination or Religious Excuses for Avoiding Vaccination.” Croatian Medical Journal, vol. 57, no. 5, Oct. 2016, pp. 516–521, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5141457/, https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2016.57.516. Plotkin, Stanley. “The Complexity and Cost of Vaccine Manufacturing – an Overview.” Vaccine, vol. 35, no. 33, July 2017, pp. 4064–4071, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X17307703, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.003. Shretta, Rima, et al. The COVID-19 Vaccine: Do We Know Enough to End the Pandemic? Center for Global Development, 2020. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29657. Accessed 1 Mar. 2024.

[Audio] COVID-19 vaccination rates in Third World countries are hindered by inadequate infrastructure and lack of resources. Furthermore socio-economic disparities inequities in access to health services and ethical considerations associated with the introduction of vaccines are additional challenges to be addressed. The World Health Organization has highlighted considerations for effective implementation of mass vaccination campaigns. In order to ensure equitable access to vaccinations it is imperative for governments and policy makers to establish programs addressing these obstacles.. 

Scene 18

Torreele, ELS, and JOSEPH J. AMON. “Equitable COVID-19 Vaccine Access.” Health and Human Rights, vol. 23, no. 1, 2021, pp. 273–88. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27040053. Accessed 28 Feb. 2024. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and Mandatory Vaccination: Ethical Considerations and Caveats. World Health Organization, 2021. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep35607. Accessed 26 Feb. 2024. World Health Organization. “Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccine Introduction.” Guidance on Developing a National Deployment and Vaccination Plan for COVID-19 Vaccines: INTERIM GUIDANCE, World Health Organization, 2020, pp. 61–63. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28002.18. Accessed 1 Mar. 2024. World Health Organization. Framework for Decision-Making: Implementation of Mass Vaccination Campaigns in the Context of COVID-19: Interim Guidance. World Health Organization, 2020. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28127. Accessed 1 Mar. 2024.

[Audio] World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of effective communication by healthcare professionals for successful vaccine acceptance and rollout in lower-income countries. Furthermore research conducted by the Atlantic Council has demonstrated that other matters such as access to health care nutrition and education can have a significant influence on vaccine acceptance and execution. Taking measures with regards to those policy considerations could substantially enhance global vaccination rates.. 

Scene 19

World Health Organization. HEALTH WORKER COMMUNICATION FOR COVID-19 VACCINATION. World Health Organization, 2021. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30154. Accessed 1 Mar. 2024. Zhang, Pepe. Moving Beyond COVID-19: Vaccines and Other Policy Considerations in Latin America. Atlantic Council, 2020. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29332. Accessed 1 Mar. 2024.

[image]. Thank You. Please keep this slide for attribution. 

Scene 20

Scene 0

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has had drastic effects all over the world
 and more so in the case of third world countries
 where the situation is much worse. This slide shows us some of the factors that have influenced the vaccine rates in those countries. Some of the factors are economic concerns
 the association between the vaccines and the stimulus packages
 research done to understand the viability of long-term investments in these countries
 and the ethical implications of launching the vaccine. We hope that this slide will help us in deepening our knowledge and better understanding the factors which contribute to the vaccine rates in third world countries.

avatar

With the current COVID-19 pandemic
 there are fears that manifest in animals and cause PTSD-like changes to their brains and behaviour. This phenomenon has been studied in animal models
 especially in the context of survival instincts. Nevertheless
 we cannot ignore the words of former U-S President Franklin D Roosevelt
 in his 1933 inaugural address
 that we must look forward and not be mired in the fear of the past. Going ahead
 it is important to move beyond this difficult season and look towards the future.

Regarding COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in third world countries
 our research has established the main factors responsible for this hesitancy. These factors span from financial insufficiency to scarcity of reliable information. We are currently investigating how we can tackle these factors to further boost vaccination rates and consequently
 reduce mortality.

COVID-19 vaccines have been a prominent topic of conversation in recent times since the outbreak of the pandemic. There have been achievements in the development of the vaccines
 however
 there is still a considerable amount of doubt surrounding the use of these vaccines across many parts of the globe. Vaccine hesitancy is not a new phenomenon
 having had its beginnings in the 18th century with Edward Jenner’s experimentation that sparked much debate. More recently
 in 1954
 the Salk vaccine was met with some apprehension as it followed the Wever catastrophe. Additionally
 the M-M-R controversy leading to worries regarding a potential link between the vaccine and developing autism
 further fuelled vaccine hesitancy. This highlights the pressing role of the media in influencing the public perception of vaccines
 which have a considerable effect on decision-making.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy remains a significant problem. In 2019
 it was among the top 10 global threats identified by the World Health Organization. President Franklin D Roosevelt aptly observed that “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”  yet this fear lingers despite evidence highlighting the efficacy of the vaccines in curbing the virus.

COVID-19 vaccines offer a way to stop the virus from spreading
 however third world countries are facing a special set of difficulties when it comes to obtaining it. These involve economic issues
 for instance disease spread through food markets
 rising unemployment
 along with restricted production in third world countries. Additionally
 the research and manufacturing of the vaccine have been limited because it has to be stored at -94 degrees farenheit. Fortunately
 organizations like C-O-V-A-X have been created to minimize economic costs and extend availability of the vaccine.

Despite economic worries around the expense of the vaccine and the equipment it necessitates
 especially in underdeveloped nations
 Arellano's Hafner's model may help to even out access and guarantee unbiased access to the vaccine. Unfortunately
 many wealthy countries have already purchased most of the existing vaccines
 which makes it hard for developing nations to obtain the same access to the vaccine.

The COVID-19 vaccine rollout has been a complex endeavor for many countries
 especially those in the developing world. This slide shows the daily number of immunizations administered in each country
 and the 7-day rolling average of vaccine doses. The data provided here shows the sheer scale of immunizations that are occurring worldwide
 with the majority of doses going to areas with larger populations. However
 there are still many places that are struggling to get vaccinations to those who are in need. Our World in Data is the source of the data displayed here.

The graph illustrates the number of COVID-19 tests conducted in five separate countries over two years. On the left
 the amount of tests conducted between February 14th
 2020 and August 8th
 2020 is represented
 while the right-hand side displays the tests undertaken between February 24th
 2021 and September 12th
 2021. This data has been sourced from official figures and presented as a rolling seven-day average by Our World in Data. It is important to keep in mind that discrepancies in testing policies and reporting practices may impact the evaluation of testing rates between countries.

COVID-19 vaccines present a difficult ethical challenge
 particularly in third world countries
 where individualism and religious reasons have created barriers in mass campaigns. Further complicating the matter is a general distrust of the technology and misinformation about its efficacy. In some cases
 attempts at mass vaccination have been used to test vaccine efficacy rather than preventing serious illness. Finally
 unequal distribution and segregation of vaccines in Africa also contribute to the difficulty of achieving successful vaccination rates.

Without the availability of sources from extremely underdeveloped areas
 the greatest challenge in researching the factors that impact the COVID-19 vaccination rates in Third World Countries is the lack of testing in these areas. As a result
 the data we present here is only an indication of what could be taking place in these locations
 due to the lack of reliable data.

Our research has revealed that many factors impact COVID-19 vaccination rates in third world countries
 such as infrastructure challenges
 cultural factors
 and future readiness. To achieve the objective of successful vaccine uptake
 the governments in those countries must offer the necessary resources to address these obstacles. With this
 we come to the end of our presentation. Thank you for your attention.

The works cited in this slide offer valuable insights on the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination rates in third world countries. Vaccine Hesitancy in Africa delves into the main causes of hesitancy towards the vaccine among the African population. COVID-19 Vaccination and Financial Frictions highlights evidence that the financial cost of the vaccine is too expensive for many third world citizens. Safety & Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines gives a narrative review on the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines themselves. Cumulative Confirmed COVID-19 Cases paints a picture of the actual effect of the virus across the region. Together
 these sources elucidate how the reality of the third world influences the vaccination rates for citizens in the region.

Evidence suggests that access to vaccines is a significant factor that affects COVID-19 vaccination rates in third world countries. Delayed access to vaccines
 together with the economic effects of the pandemic
 has impacted their capacity to vaccinate their population. Additionally
 studies have identified potential risks and challenges connected to remote work that could further impede access to vaccination services in such countries.

COVID-19 has had varying effects on nations across the globe
 yet there is a pattern when it comes to vaccine access in developing countries. Claire Felter from the Council on Foreign Relations suggests that cost
 availability
 and infrastructure are determining factors that influence vaccination in poorer countries. Marco Hafner from the rand Corporation has analyzed the economic fallout of prioritizing domestic vaccination over foreign populations. Wolfgang Hein and Anne Paschke of the German Institute of Global and Area Studies believe access to the vaccine should be a worldwide perk. Kaitlin Hunter and David Kendall of Third Way are advocating for equal and effective distribution of the vaccine amongst all countries.

Regarding vaccination rates of third world countries
 the adoption of a mandatory vaccine policy and the complexity and cost of vaccine manufacturing
 there are multiple aspects to consider. Religious and cultural values could be a potential barrier to individuals receiving a vaccine
 due to a lack of awareness and understanding of the importance of the vaccine or a strong belief in the religious values of their community. The manufacturing process of vaccines has a high complexity and cost which can make mass production and delivery difficult. Consequently
 the success of the vaccine rollout will be determined by people's perception of the vaccine and its economic feasibility of production
 distribution and administration.

COVID-19 vaccination rates in Third World countries are hindered by inadequate infrastructure and lack of resources. Furthermore
 socio-economic disparities
 inequities in access to health services
 and ethical considerations associated with the introduction of vaccines are additional challenges to be addressed. The World Health Organization has highlighted considerations for effective implementation of mass vaccination campaigns. In order to ensure equitable access to vaccinations
 it is imperative for governments and policy makers to establish programs addressing these obstacles.

World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of effective communication by healthcare professionals for successful vaccine acceptance and rollout in lower-income countries. Furthermore
 research conducted by the Atlantic Council has demonstrated that other matters
 such as access to health care
 nutrition
 and education
 can have a significant influence on vaccine acceptance and execution. Taking measures with regards to those policy considerations could substantially enhance global vaccination rates.