IDP S.S

[Audio] Social Science CLASS - 9A. Social Science CLASS - 9A.

[Audio] Harshvardhan Singh (Representative) - PPT Ghata Parekh - Writing Part Vidhi Mehta - Scit Vansh Pathak - Scit Kavya Tiwari - Scit Reva Joshi - Scit Dwij Mehta - Team Logo Raj Shah - Team Logo.

[Audio] NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE & FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM A COMBINED PRESENTATION ON INDIA'S FORESTS AND THE HISTORICAL IMPACT OF COLONIALISM.

[Audio] India is one of the 12 mega bio-diversity countries in the world. It holds the tenth position globally and fourth in Asia in plant diversity, with about 47,000 plant species. The country is home to approximately 15,000 flowering plants, which is 6% of the world's total. India also has a vast range of fauna, with approximately 90,000 animal species and 2,000 species of birds.

[Audio] This refers to a plant community that has grown naturally without human interference and has been left undisturbed for a long time. Virgin Vegetation: This is another term for natural vegetation. Endemic/Indigenous Species: These are plant species that are purely Indian. Exotic Plants: These are plants that have come from outside India..

[Audio] Location: Found in heavy rainfall areas of the Western Ghats, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, upper parts of Assam, and the Tamil Nadu coast. Climate: Require more than 200 cm of rainfall with a short dry season. Characteristics: Trees reach heights of up to 60 meters, and the vegetation is luxuriant with trees, shrubs, and creepers. These forests appear green all year round as there is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves. Key Species: Ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, and cinchona. Wildlife: Elephants, monkeys, lemurs, and deer are common..

[Audio] Location: These are the most widespread forests in India, also known as monsoon forests. They are found in regions with rainfall between 70 cm and 200 cm. Characteristics: Trees in these forests shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks during the dry summer. Key Species: Teak, bamboo, sal, shisham, sandalwood, and mulberry. Wildlife: Lion, tiger, pig, deer, and elephant are found in these forests..

[Audio] Location: Found in regions with less than 70 cm of rainfall, such as parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Haryana. Characteristics: Vegetation consists of thorny trees and bushes. Plants have long roots that penetrate deep into the soil to get moisture, and leaves are thick and small to minimize evaporation. Key Species: Acacias, palms, euphorbias, and cacti. Wildlife: Rats, mice, rabbits, fox, wolf, and camels..

[Audio] Location: Found in mountainous areas. Characteristics: Vegetation changes with altitude. Wet temperate forests are found between 1000 and 2000 meters, while coniferous trees are found between 1500 and 3000 meters. Above 3,600 meters, there is Alpine vegetation. Key Species: Oak, chestnut, pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce, and cedar. Wildlife: Kashmir stag, spotted dear, wild sheep, and snow leopard..

[Audio] Location: Found in coastal areas influenced by tides, such as the deltas of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari, and Kaveri. Characteristics: The roots of the plants are submerged under water. Key Species: Sundari trees are famous in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. Wildlife: The Royal Bengal Tiger is a famous animal in these forests. Turtles, crocodiles, and gharials are also found here.

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[Audio] TheBritishwereworriedabouttherecklessfellingoftreesandappointedaGermanexpert,DietrichBrandis,asthefirstInspectorGeneralofForestsinIndia. Brandisintroducedasystemof "scientificforestry"wherenaturalforestswithdiversetreetypeswerecutdownandreplacedwithonetypeoftreeplantedinstraightrows (aplantation). TheIndianForestServicewasestablishedin1864,andtheIndianForestActwasformulatedin1865. TheImperialForestResearchInstitutewassetupinDehradunin1906..

[Audio] Categorization of Forests: The Forest Act of 1878 divided forests into three categories: reserved, protected, and village forests. Reserved Forests: These were considered the best forests, and villagers could not take anything from them, not even for their own use. Protected or Village Forests: Villagers could take wood from these forests for house building or fuel..

[Audio] Shifting cultivation, a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America, was seen as harmful by European foresters. They felt that land used for this type of cultivation could not grow trees suitable for railway timber. The government decided to ban shifting cultivation, leading to the forcible displacement of many communities from their homes in the forests..

[Audio] ⚬ The new forest laws prohibited the customary practice of hunting deer, partridges, and other small animals by forest dwellers. ⚬ While the people's right to hunt was taken away, the hunting of big game became a sport for the colonial elite. ⚬ The British saw large animals as signs of a "wild, primitive and savage society" and believed that killing them would help "civilise" India. ⚬ Rewards were given for killing tigers, wolves, and other large animals, leading to a drastic decline in their populations. Over 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards, and 200,000 wolves were killed for reward between 1875 and 1925..

[Audio] In conclusion, our exploration reveals a story of two contrasting legacies. On one hand, India is blessed with an extraordinary natural heritage, boasting a vast and diverse range of flora and fauna across its varied climatic zones. From the lush Tropical Evergreen forests to the hardy Thorn scrubs, this rich biodiversity has sustained life and provided invaluable resources, including a wealth of medicinal plants that remain vital to this day..

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