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National Defence University of Malaysia
Kewajipan
Maruah

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Palm Kernel Shell as Partial Coarse Aggregate Replacement in Asphalt Mixture: Optimum Binder Content and Volumetric Properties Investigation

Wholesale Export Palm Kernel Shell - Buy Palm Oil Kernel Shell,Palm Oil  Kernel Shell,We Export Palm Kernel Shell Product on Alibaba.com

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12.2 Types of Outlines – Stand up, Speak out

Introduction Problem Statement Objectives Methodology Results & discussion Conclusion & recommendation

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HOW TO REDUCE AGRICULTURE WASTE IN MALAYSIA Use as modifying in asphalt mixture.

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The road construction sector is facing pavement failure such as  fatigue, rutting, stripping and cracking.

The high costs for road construction of conventional mineral aggregates.

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Confused emoticon with speech bubble Royalty Free Vector

Palm kernel shells (or PKS) are the shell fractions left after the nut has been removed after crushing in the palm oil mill

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Kyoto Oil & Grains | Palm Kernel Shells (PKS)

Annually, a minimum of 168 million  tonnes  of biomass waste is generated in  Malaysia  ( Agamuthu  et al., 2009 ).

PEROSAK KELAPA SAWIT – FastGrow Fertilizer

By 2010, up to 4.5 million hectares of land is cultivated with oil palm. With more than 423 mills in Malaysia, this industry generated around 80 million dry  tonnes  of biomass in  2010   (Besustenablemagazine.com).

Therefore ,  PKS is good alternative materials  to be used for asphalt mixture modification.

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PKS are a  fibrous material and can be easily handled  in bulk directly from the product line to the end use.  Given  its high energy content  (14-20GJ/t) and the fact that it is a waste product. PKS is a  relatively cheap  source of biomass fuel.   Chemical  Free  Comes from  sustainable  source.

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AUTHOR
NDOKE (2006)
• (Marshall Method)
• 50 blows
Olutaiwo et al.(2015)
• (Marshall Method)
• 50 blows
Olutaiwo et al. (2015)
• (Marshall Method)
• 50 blows
TITLE
Performance of Palm Kernel Shells as a Partial
replacement for Coarse Aggregate in Asphalt
Concrete (penetration grade 60-70)
re—rnt
Experimental evaluation of the effects of partial
replacement of coarse aggregate with Graded
Palm Kernel Shell in Asphaltic Wearing Course (
Investigation of the Effects of Partial
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Graded
Palm Kernel Shell in Asphaltic Binder Course
(The bitumen 60/70 pen.)
PERCENT OF PKS
10, 20, 30, 50 and PKS
partial replacement at coarse
aggregate
0%, 30%, 50%, and 100%
PKS partial replacement at coarse
aggregate
30%, 50%, and 100%
PKS partial replacement at coarse
aggregate
RESULT
• PKS can be used as partial replacement for coarse aggregate upto
10% for heavily trafficked roads.
• for light trafficked roads.
up
in Lttlt•mc
30% PKS meets the criteria provided in the Asphalt Institute
Standard Specification.
• It was observed that for medium trafficked roads PKS between
10%-30% by weight of coarse aggregate can be used for the
replacement while even 100% replacement is possible for lightly
trafficked rural roads.
ad
1" of —n
• effective optimum quantity of PKS replacement at 50%
replacement in binder asphalt.
• PKS here can be used under medium traffic and definitelywith a
road carrying a light traffic.

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To determine the optimum binder content (OBC) for unmodified and  PKS modified asphalt mixture.

To compare volumetric properties of PKS asphalt mixture to JKR/SPJ/2008-S4 specification.

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PKS: 10, 20, 30 % PKS as partial replacement in Coarse  Aggregate - Replace at sieve size at 5mm-14mm

Compacted at 75 blow- M arsahll  Mix design method  (heavy traffic)

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Mix Type Wearing Course Mix Designation AC 14 BS Sieve Size (mm) Percentage Passing by Weight 28   20 100 14 90-100 10 76-86 5 50-62 3.35 40-54 1.18 18-34 0.425 12-24 0.15 6-14 0.075 4-8

Asphalt content in design of pavement (JKR/SPJ/2008-S4)

TYPE AND SIZE COURSE ASPHALT CONTENT AC 14- Wearing Course 4.0-6.0%

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0.075
0.425
SIEVE SIZE
up#r limft
Mix —•—lower limit

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Properties Unit Value Bulk Density mg/m3 0.74 Dry Density mg/m3 0.65 Porosity % 28.00 Void ratio - 0.40 Total  moisture(ARB) % 12.00-14.00 Impact Value % 4.50 Specific Value - 1.62

Physical properties of 60/70 penetration grade asphalt.

Properties Unit specification Value Standard Test Method P enetration  at 25˚C 0.1 mm 60-70 66 ASTM D5 S oftening ˚C 47-52 49 ASTM D36 V iscosity  at 135˚C mPa.s - 550 ASTM D113 Ductility at 25˚C cm >100 100 ASTM D4402 Specific gravity - 1.0 - 1.06 1.03 ASTM D70

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Heat to temp 160˚C, then can start to mix

Put in mold and wait tempt decrease to 145˚C

Marshall Mix design method compacted at 75 blow for each face. Design for heavy traffic.

Coarse aggregates (size 5mm-14mm) were replaced with PKS

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Plots of DENSITY, STABILITY, VTM, VFA AND FLOW

Peak  of curve taken from the stability graph.

Flow  equal to 3 mm from the flow graph .

Peak  of curve taken from the bulk specific gravity graph.

VFA  equal to 75% for wearing course from the VFA graph.

VTM  equal to 4.0% for  wearing coarse  from the VTM graph.

Void in Total  M ix (VTM) Void Filled with Asphalt (VFA)

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OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT (OBC)  FOR  10-PKS

Parameter Asphalt content (%) Optimum value for  density 5.60 4%  value for  VTM 5.55 75% value for VFA 5.65 3mm value for flow 4.15 Optimum value for stability 5.50 OBC (%) 5.30

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Parameter Asphalt content (%) Optimum value for density 5.70 4% value for VTM 5.54 75% value for  VFA 5.60 3mm  value for  flow 4.20 Optimum value for   stability 5.55 OBC (%) 5.32

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Parameter Asphalt content (%) Optimum value for density 5.85 4%  value for  VTM 5.80 75% value for VFA 5.80 3mm value for   flow 4.40 Optimum value for stability 5.80 OBC (%) 5.53

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COMPARISON OF OBC FOR UNMODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURE AND MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURE

Comparison  of OBC value for unmodified and modified asphalt mixture

TYPE OBC 0-PKS 5.40 10% PKS 5.30 20% PKS 5.32 30% PKS 5.53

The  trend of PKS modified asphalt mixture is inclining from 10-PKS to 30-PKS by 4.3%. However the OBC for 10-PKS and 20-PKS is lower than control sample by 1.82% and 1.48% respectively

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VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF UNMODIFIED AND MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURE AT VARYING ASPHALT PERCENTAGE

From the  result beside  it can be concluded that all the value volumetric properties for 30-PKS are highest than 0-PKS.  Based on previous  research, the results at 30-PKS meets the right criteria had provided in Asphalt Institute Standard Specification and also the replacement between 10-PKS to 30-PKS by weight coarse aggregate can be used for medium trafficked road ( Olutaiwo  et al., 2015 ). Accordance to  Ndoke , (2014), recommended that up to 10-PKS replacement can be used for heavily trafficked road.

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COMPARISON OF VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES FOR 0-PKS, 10-PKS, 20-PKS AND 30-PKS AT OBC VALUE WITH  PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT ( JKR SPECIFICATION)

PARAMETER JKR/SPJ/2008-S4 0-PKS 10-PKS 20-PKS 30-PKS REMARKS Stability, S >8000 N 11479 N 12708 N 9242N 11440 N OK Flow, F 2.0 - 4.0 mm 3.098 mm 3.717 mm 3.62 mm 3.56 mm OK Stiffness, S/F > 2000 N/mm 3705 N/mm 3419 N/mm 2553 N/mm 3213 N/mm OK VTM 3.0 - 5.0 % 4.82% 4.96% 4.04% 4.18% OK VFA 70 - 80 % 70.21% 72.91% 74.22% 73.55% OK

Result  for all samples are in between the limitation stated in JKR/SPJ/2008-S4.  Therefore , replacement of PKS at 10-PKS, 20-PKS and 30-PKS is acceptable for asphalt mixture design.

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The OBC value for unmodified asphalt mixture is 5.40% while for 10-PKS, 20-PKS and 30-PKS are 5.30%, 5.32%, 5.53% respectively.  The trend shows an increment in the OBC value for PKS asphalt mixture and all volumetric properties value are within the JKR/SPJ/2008/S4 specifications.  This is in good agreement with previous study done by ( Olutaiwo  et al., 2015) that used 10-PKS for heavily trafficked roads and 30-50-PKS for medium trafficked road.

PKS  has a potential as an alternative material for coarse aggregate replacement in asphalt mixture

suitable for sustainable pavement construction.

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SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
17 GOALS TO TRANSFORM OUR
SIXtAIN.Attt
GOALS

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Siti   Zubaidah   Mohd   Asri ,  Ts   Faridah  Hanim   Khairuddin ,  Dr   Ng Choy  Peng,  Dr   Noor  Aina   Misnon ,  Prof  Madya   Ir   Dr   Nur   Izzi   Md   Yusoff , Ahmad  Nazrul   Hakimi  Ibrahim,  Gunalan   Vasudevan

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