Name: HYPOKALEMIA
Uploaded: 2021-12-18
Duration: 11 min 23 s
Description: HYPOKALEMIA. SUPERVISED BY DR.Megren Alkayatt. DONE BY Nusayba Alanzi 19120152 Shahad Hafiz 17120074 Lama Alahmadi 18120002 Nusaiba Khawaji 19120063 Omama Husa 18120100.

HYPOKALEMIA. SUPERVISED BY DR.Megren Alkayatt. DONE BY Nusayba Alanzi 19120152 Shahad Hafiz 17120074 Lama Alahmadi 18120002 Nusaiba Khawaji 19120063 Omama Husa 18120100. 

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DONE BY  Nusayba   Alanzi     19120152 Shahad Hafiz        17120074 Lama  Alahmadi      18120002 Nusaiba   Khawaji    19120063 Omama   Husa         18120100

Potassium is a cation most commonly existing in the intracellular fluid, involved in cell regulation and several cellular processes, and is essential for muscles contraction ,cardiovascular system ,central nervous system and respiratory system ,and maintain osmolarity of ECF and ICF and cellular volume, regulation of acid base balance and Vital for cell excitability . normal levels of potassium 3.5 to 5 mEq /L. 

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Potassium is a cation most commonly existing  in the intracellular fluid, involved in cell regulation and several cellular processes, and is essential for muscles contraction ,cardiovascular system ,central nervous system and respiratory system ,and maintain osmolarity of ECF and ICF and cellular volume, regulation of acid base balance and Vital for cell excitability . normal levels of potassium 3.5 to 5  mEq  /L

decrease in normal levels of potassium in the body one of the most common electrolyte disturbances seen in clinical practice Hypokalemia is more predominant than hyperkalemia; but it ranges from sever to mild depending on the level of decrease of potassium mild is 3 to 3.4 mEq /L , moderate is 2.5 to 3 mEq /L severe when less than 2.5 mEq /L .. 

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decrease in normal levels of potassium in the body  one of the most common electrolyte disturbances seen in clinical practice  Hypokalemia is more predominant than hyperkalemia; but it ranges from sever to mild depending on the level of decrease of potassium   mild is 3 to 3.4  mEq  /L , moderate is 2.5 to 3  mEq  /L severe when less than 2.5  mEq  /L .

Causes of Hypokalemia. . . . . . 01. vomiting. 02. 

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thiazides, loop diuretics, and osmotic diuretics

Causes of Hypokalemia. . . . . 06. Older age. 07. 

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Pathophysiology of hypokalemia. The pathophysiology of Hypokalemia is linked to the underlying causes, Can be due to. 

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The pathophysiology of Hypokalemia is linked to the underlying causes,  Can be due to

. Inadequate potassium intake can be a contributor to hypokalemia in the presence of other causes so this cant cause hypokalemia alon. 

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Inadequate potassium intake  can be a contributor to hypokalemia in the presence of other causes so this cant cause hypokalemia  alon

. . Increased excretion. Gastrointestinal wasting. 

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Hypokalemia  with Urine Potassium  > 20  meq /day

caused by excessive losses of potassium in the urine or from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

urinary potassium wasting. M ost common cause of hypokalemia loop and thiazide diuretics increase sodium delivery to the distal segment of the distal tubule, this increases potassium loss (causing hypokalemia ). 

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M ost  common cause of hypokalemia loop and thiazide diuretics increase sodium delivery to the distal segment of the distal tubule, this increases potassium loss (causing  hypokalemia )

renal potassium wasting in hypomagnesemia patients that is due to increased potassium secretion in the connecting tubule and the cortical collecting tubule

urinary potassium wasting. Hypokalemia is a common feature in patients with Cushing's syndrome , the elevation of cortisol levels leads to a decrease in the blood levels of potassium. 

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Hypokalemia is a common feature in patients with Cushing's syndrome , the elevation of cortisol levels leads to a decrease in the blood levels of potassium

A condition caused by overproduction of the hormone aldosterone that controls sodium and potassium in the blood, so excessive lose of potassium and retain of  sodium

Gastrointestinal wasting. large-volume of diarrhea commonly results in hypokalemia due to stool potassium loss. it can occur with all forms of diarrhea but is especially common with diarrhea due to cholera or by chronic laxative abuse. 

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large-volume of diarrhea commonly results in hypokalemia due to stool potassium loss. it can occur with all forms of diarrhea but is especially common with diarrhea due to cholera or by chronic laxative abuse

causes renal potassium losses due to metabolic alkalosis and stimulation of aldosterone due to volume depletion; aldosterone and metabolic alkalosis both cause the kidneys to excrete potassium.

Extracellular/intracellular shift increased intracellular uptake. 

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Extracellular/intracellular shift increased intracellular uptake

Hypokalemia caused by a shift from extracellular to intracellular space often associated with  increased excretion, leading to a potentiation of the hypokalemic effect

Exogenous insulin  can induce mild hypokalemia because it lowers K +  concentration by Intracellular shifts of potassium into skeletal muscles and hepatic cells by increasing the activity of the  Na + /K +  pump

Alkalosis, other factors can cause transient shifting of potassium into cells, by stimulation of the Na + /K +  pump.

History of hypokalemia. Do you suffer from sweating ? Do you feel tired? do you feel dizzy often ? How is your appetite ?So you feel hungry? Do you feeling shaky or trembling?. Do you feel nauseous? Do you suffer from vomiting? Do you suffer from involuntary urination? Do you feel pain in your muscles ? Have you ever felt numbness? Do you suffer from constipation?. 

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Do you suffer from sweating ?  Do you feel tired? do you feel  dizzy often ? How is your appetite ?So you feel hungry?  Do you feeling shaky or trembling?. Do you feel nauseous? Do you suffer from vomiting? Do you suffer from involuntary urination?  Do you feel pain in your muscles ?  Have you ever felt numbness?  Do you suffer from constipation?

examination. Blood gas (venous or arterial): metabolic alkalosis. 

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Blood gas  (venous or arterial): metabolic alkalosis

Urine Test  Urinary potassium Consider measuring to narrow down underlying cause  Findings Renal loss; > 15–20  mEq /L Extrarenal loss; < 15–20  mEq /L

The symptoms of hypokalemia are nonspecific and predominantly are related to muscular or cardiac function. Weakness and fatigue

ECG. ECG findings in hypokalemia. We do it to determine if the hypokalemia is affecting the heart. Mild to moderate hypokalemia T-wave flattening ST depression Moderate to severe hypokalemia Presence of U waves To remember that low potassium may result in a flattened T wave. 

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We do it to determine if the hypokalemia is affecting the heart.  Mild to moderate hypokalemia  T-wave flattening ST depression Moderate to severe hypokalemia  Presence of U waves  To remember that low potassium may result in a flattened T wave

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Further tests. Serum glucose. A cid base balance. 

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Audio Recording ١٤ جما١، ١٤٤٣ هـ، ١٢:٤٤:٣٨ م. Management. 

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Most patients require potassium chloride ( KCl ) replacement, as well as therapy of concomitant electrolyte imbalances and treatment of the underlying cause. Severe hypokalemia  (< 2.5  mEq /L) There is a considerable chance of recurring severe hypokalemia. KCl : High-dose IV repletion Moderate hypokalemia  (2.5–2.9  mEq /L) KCl : Oral or IV repletion may be used. Mild hypokalemia  with easily reversible cause (3.0–3.5  mEq /L) Treatment of the underlying problem should be prioritized (e.g., GI fluid losses).  Oral supplementation.  Improving dietary potassium intake

Audio Recording ١٤ جما١، ١٤٤٣ هـ، ١٢:٤٤:٣٨ م

Audio Recording ١٤ جما١، ١٤٤٣ هـ، ١٢:٤٥:٢٤ م. . Treatment of underlying condition Diuretic -induced hypokalemia (e.g., loop diuretics or thiazides ) Discontinue or lower the dose of the diuretic and combine it with potassium-sparing diuretics, e.g., spironolactone . If the patient has both volume depletion and contraction alkalosis, rehydrate with normal saline. Oral or IV magnesium for patients with hypomagnesemia. 

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Treatment of underlying condition Diuretic -induced hypokalemia (e.g.,  loop diuretics  or  thiazides ) Discontinue or lower the dose of the diuretic and combine it with potassium-sparing diuretics, e.g.,  spironolactone . If the patient has both volume depletion and contraction alkalosis, rehydrate with normal saline. Oral or IV  magnesium  for patients with  hypomagnesemia

Audio Recording ١٤ جما١، ١٤٤٣ هـ، ١٢:٤٥:٢٤ م

Audio Recording ١٤ جما١، ١٤٤٣ هـ، ١٢:٤٧:٢٦ م. Local irritation from IV potassium may result in heart arrhythmias. As a result, it should always be given slowly (at a maximum rate of 10 mEq /hour via a peripheral line or 40 mEq /hour via a central line). If the concurrent hypomagnesemia is not treated, potassium supplementation will be ineffective. Before replacing potassium, always check the serum magnesium level and replete magnesium. Low magnesium levels might aggravate renal potassium losses.. 

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Local irritation from IV potassium may result in heart arrhythmias. As a result, it should always be given slowly (at a maximum rate of 10  mEq /hour via a peripheral line or 40  mEq /hour via a central line). If the concurrent hypomagnesemia is not treated, potassium supplementation will be ineffective. Before replacing potassium, always check the serum magnesium level and replete magnesium. Low magnesium levels might aggravate renal potassium losses.

Audio Recording ١٤ جما١، ١٤٤٣ هـ، ١٢:٤٧:٢٦ م

Nusayba Alanzi 19120152 Introduction Pathophysiology Video making Omama husa 18120100 History /examination Shahad Hafiz 17120074 Other tests to be ordered Lama Alahmadi 18120002 Management Nusaiba Khawaij 19120063 Causes. 

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Nusayba   Alanzi 19120152 Introduction Pathophysiology   Video making  Omama   husa 18120100 History  /examination  Shahad Hafiz  17120074 Other tests to be ordered  Lama  Alahmadi   18120002 Management         Nusaiba   Khawaij              19120063 Causes

HYPOKALEMIA 

   Hypokalemia  with Urine Potassium  > 20  meq /day

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 Treatment of underlying condition Diuretic -induced hypokalemia (e.g.,  loop diuretics  or  thiazides ) Discontinue or lower the dose of the diuretic and combine it with potassium-sparing diuretics, e.g.,  spironolactone . If the patient has both volume depletion and contraction alkalosis, rehydrate with normal saline. Oral or IV  magnesium  for patients with  hypomagnesemia