Name: HUMAN NUTRITION AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Uploaded: 2023-03-19
Duration: 11 min 46 s
Description: Welcome everyone. Today, we are going to learn about the human nutrition and digestive system. Our unit will focus on how food is broken down and how essential nutrients are absorbed. We will be discussing the structure and functions of the digestive system and the major food groups in a balanced diet. Let's get started..

[Audio] Welcome everyone. Today, we are going to learn about the human nutrition and digestive system. Our unit will focus on how food is broken down and how essential nutrients are absorbed. We will be discussing the structure and functions of the digestive system and the major food groups in a balanced diet. Let's get started.. 

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[Audio] In this presentation, we will be discussing the structure and functions of the human digestive system and how it relates to digestion. We'll also be discussing the process of mechanical and chemical digestion, including the optimum conditions for the enzymes involved. We'll also be detailing the food groups that make up a balanced diet, with examples of their sources. To begin, let's start with the structure and functions of the human digestive system.. 

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Unit 7 presentation entails the human nutrition and digestion. We will discuss the structure and functions of the digestive system regarding digestion. The presentation also includes processes of mechanical and chemical digestion including the optimum conditions for the enzymes involved. We will also explain the constituent food groups of a balanced diet and provide examples of their sources. There is a summary at the end of the presentation.

[Audio] Digestive system is a complex network of organs and structures with the primary objective of breaking down food into its elementary components and permitting their absorption into the bloodstream. The process of digestion is made up of both mechanical, through mastication, and chemical actions, utilizing enzymes and water. As well as receiving nutrients, the digestive system is also responsible for expelling undigested and unused waste from the body. In summary, the digestive system is a primary factor in the body's capability to receive nourishment and eliminate waste.. 

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The principle function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption of nutrients along its tract consisting of structures and organs. Digestion involves the mechanical (via mastication) and chemical (using enzymes and water) breakdown of ingested food ( Belleza , 2021). Absorption is the process of assimilation of the digested nutrients amino acids, simple sugars, vitamins, minerals and water into the bloodstream.  The digestive tract, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract also plays an important role of eliminating waste through excretion.

[Audio] Structure of the digestive system is a complex process of breakdown and absorption of the food we consume. G I tract, consisting of various organs, begins in the mouth and ends at the anus and has a length of up to 30 meters in adults. Organs work in coordination to pass the food through different stages of digestion from ingestion to defecation. This intricate process is essential for absorbing essential nutrients from our food.. 

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The G.I tract begins in the mouth, where digestion is initiated and ends at the anus. Fun Fact: In adults the length of the GIT can measure up to 30 meters. The GIT consists of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancrease, small intestines (duodenum and ileum) and colon/large intestines. All these organs coordinate in moving food through the digestive tract in various digestive stages, from ingestion to defecation  (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2020 ).

[Audio] The digestive system is made up of several parts working together to break down and process food. In the mouth, food is chewed and mixed with saliva containing an enzyme called amylase to start digestion. It then heads to the oropharynx, followed by the oesophagus, controlled by constrictor muscles. Through peristalsis, the rhythmic wave-like contractions of muscles, the food is propelled further down the oesophagus and to the stomach.. 

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The Structure of the Digestive System…Ctd

Mouth:  It is where the process of digestion begins through mastication (the mechanical breakdown of food by teeth). The tongue mixes food with saliva from salivary glands to form boluses (a lubricated ball of food) for swallowing  (Saladin et al., 2020 ). The production of saliva is regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Amylase enzyme from the salivary glands and secretions of oral cavity membranes helps in softening food and begins the digestion of starch (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2020) . Food is directed into the oropharynx and further into the oesophagus (swallowing).  Pharynx and Oesophagus : After the food boluses are directed into the oropharynx, they are pushed over the epiglottis using the constrictor muscles into the oesophagus. Peristalsis begins (the rhythmic contraction of oesophageal muscles) to the stomach through the lower esophageal’s cardiac sphincter. The sphincter closes to prevent food is not regurgitated/ passing into the oesophagus which can cause GERD  (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2020).

[Audio] Starting from the top left, the mouth mechanically breaks down food through chewing and the application of saliva. This is followed by the esophagus which transports the food from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach stores the food and initiates chemical digestion. The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption while the large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and producing feces. Lastly, the rectum stores the feces until it exits the body.. 

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Digestive System
Mouth
Small
intestine
puotid gland
g bnd v
gla n ds
Large
• A scending

[Audio] In the digestive system, the stomach receives food boluses and churns them with the help of hydrochloric acid, forming chime, a thick semi-fluid mass. Chyme mixes with gastric juices and enzymes for further digestion. Pepsin is a protein-degrading enzyme responsible for the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and the eventual absorbable amino acids. The digested food is then transferred to the duodenum and ileum, the two sections of the small intestine. In the duodenum, bile and pancreatic juices meet to combine with chyme and aid the final stages of digestion. Bile produced by the liver contains bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, water and body salts and helps breakdown fats into fatty acids and triglycerol. From the duodenum, the semi-fluid contents leave the small intestine into the colon in liquid form, and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the villi.. 

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The Stomach:  Food boluses reach the stomach where they are churned by the help of HCL, forming chime, a thick semi-fluid mass.  Chyme  mixes with gastric juices with enzymes for further digestion.  Pepsin forms part of the gastric juices and it breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and the eventual amino acids, the absorbable form. The digested food passes through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum and ileum ( Saladin et al., 2020 ). Duodenum and Ileum:  The small intestine is a highly coiled muscular tube about 6 metres long. It further undertakes digestion by enzymes from the gallbladder and the pancrease. The duodenum forms the  first section of the small intestine where majority of the digestion and absorption occurs. Bile and pancreatic juices meet to combine with chime for the final stages digestion. The liver produces bile that contains bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, water and body salts, which assists in the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and  tryglycerol . Bile is stored in the gallbladder via bile ducts  (Saladin et al., 2020 ).  From the duodenum, food passes through the jejunum and ileum, making the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream through the tiny villi with an increased surface area for increased contact for efficient absorption. From a semi-fluid state in the small intestine, the contents leave the small intestine into the colon in a liquid state.

[Audio] The large intestines, often referred to as the colon, is a muscular tube of about 1.5 metres in length with the primary role of absorbing water and salts from chyme. It is made up of the cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, rectum and anus. This tube is instrumental in finishing digestion and absorption of nutrients, with the remaining material stored in the sigmoid colon and rectum until it is ready for excretion through the anal canal. The anal sphincter, a muscular ring, maintains the anus closed until it is triggered by our parasympathetic nervous system for bowel movements.. 

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Colon/Large Intestines: The muscular tube measures about 1.5 metres in length. Its primary function is the absorption of water and salts from chime. It consists of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid), rectum and anus. After the absorption of nutrients is complete, the remainder of waste moves to the sigmoid colon and rectum for storage before excretion through the anal canal  (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2020) . The anal sphincter is a muscular ring that keeps the anus closed till the parasympathetic stimulation initiates the bowel movements.

[Audio] Small and large intestines are main components of the digestive system. Small intestine, the longest part of the digestive tract, absorbs majority of the nutrients from food and is divided into three sections, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Large intestine is the last part of the digestive tract and responsible for the absorption of water from the wastes and the formation of feces.. 

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Small and Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pylorus
Duoden urn
Right colic
flexure
Duodeno-
jejunal
junction
Ascending
colon
Ileocecal
junction
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
(C)
Stomach
Pancreas
Left colic
flexure
Transverse
colon
Jejunum
—colon
Descending
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Anal canal

[Audio] Mastication, the process of chewing food, starts mechanical digestion in the oral cavity. Enzymes like amylase break down the bonds between particles to form boluses. Peristalsis then propels the boluses through the digestive system via the involuntary contractions of the oesophageal, stomach, and intestinal muscles. This combination of processes is what allows us to consume and digest food in the gastrointestinal tract.. 

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It involves the physical breakdown of large particles of food that are ingested into the GIT.  Mechanical digestion begins in the oral cavity through mastication. Food is also softened by enzymes like Amylase which degrades the bonds in particles to form boluses  (Saladin et al., 2020 ). Peristalsis, the involuntary contractions of oesophageal, stomach and intestinal muscles also constitutes mechanical digestion.

[Audio] The process of chemical digestion is essential for the breakdown of food particles so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. In the mouth, saliva is produced and contains the enzymes lipase and amylase which break down starch and fat respectively. In the stomach, the enzyme pepsin further breaks down proteins while gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides. The small intestine is where a majority of the chemical digestion processes take place, with many digestive enzymes being secreted here. For example, lactase and sucrose digest lactose and sucrose into absorbable sugars. This essential process of chemical digestion ensures that the body receives the nutrients it needs for proper functioning.. 

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The process entails the chemical agents including acids, enzymes and bile breaking down food molecules to absorbable nutrients. It occurs in the mouth, stomach and the small intestine. The body predominantly relies on chemical digestion to break down food particles to their simplest forms to facilitate absorption into the bloodstream. In the mouth, produced saliva contains lipase and amylase enzymes. Amylase breaks starch into sugar and lipase hydrolyses fat  (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2020) . In the stomach, pepsin breaks down proteins further while gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides further. The small intestine is the part where majority of chemical digestion processes occur because many digestive enzymes are secreted there. Lactase and sucrose, for example, digest lactose and sucrose into absorbable sugars  (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2020 ).

[Audio] Mastication, the ripping, tearing, and chewing of food, is the first step in mechanical digestion. After forming a bolus, amylase, a digestive enzyme, turns starch into sugars. Pepsin, another enzyme, is an important part of the digestive process that takes place in the stomach and jejunum and ileum. The large intestine is where the final stages of digestion occur, divided into the cecum and colon. Chemical digestion is the other critical process that takes place in the human digestive system.. 

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Figure 3&4:Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

What is Mechanical-and chemical digestion?
hanical digestion'
begins in the mouth
Mastication— Ripping,tearing
and chewing
Creating a •Bolus'
Amylase (mouth) starch to sugars
Pepsin (Gastric)— main
enzyme for digestive process
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine
the end Of the line Of the
digestive process.
Divided into
Cecum
Col on

[Audio] Enzymes are specialized proteins that speed up the chemical reactions necessary to break down the food we eat into the nutrients our bodies need and are essential to our digestion. There are three main types of enzymes - lipases, amylases, and proteases - that target specific nutrients. For enzymes to function effectively, they need to be at our body temperature and in a particular pH balance depending on where they are located in the body. Temperature and pH changes can affect the enzyme's structure and function, leading to an impaired metabolism. Enzymes have active sites on which chemical reactions occur. These sites are specific in shape and only certain molecules can fit them. When the reactions are complete, the products leave the active sites and the enzyme is ready for another reaction.. 

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These are specialized proteins that speed up the chemical reactions of the normal cellular processes. There exists three principle types of enzymes; lipases, amylase and protease, that target specific substrates/nutrients.  Enzymes work optimally at particular conditions; a temperature of about 37degree Celsius, which is the human body temperature. A fluctuation in temperature by health, cold or chemicals adversely affect enzymatic functioning causing a derailed metabolism. The pH balance within the cells also determines how well enzymes work; they function within a very narrow pH depending on where the enzyme functions within the body. Too much acidity or basic environment renders the alteration of the structure and function of the enzyme  (Saladin et al., 2020 )). Enzymes have active site where chemical reactions occur. Active sites are unique in shape and only particular molecules fit. After a reaction is complete, the products leave the sites, leaving it ready for another process.

[Audio] Pepsin and Lactase are both essential enzymes for the digestive system. Pepsin is released in the stomach and works to break down proteins as well as fight off harmful microorganisms. It also separates vitamin B12 from proteins. Lactase is found in the small intestine and is responsible for breaking down lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. Those who are lactose intolerant produce too little lactase, leaving the sugar unable to be properly broken down. The optimal pH for pepsin is around 2, while lactase works best in a pH range between 2-7, with 6 being ideal.. 

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Pepsin is the active form of pepsinogen that forms part of the gastric digestive juices. HCL produced in the stomach activates pepsinogen to pepsin for the digestion of proteins to occur. A highly acidic Ph of 2 is required for pepsin to work efficiently. A highly acidic medium is critical in destroying the harmful microbiota that one may ingest. Pepsin also separates the vitamin B12 from proteins for further utilization. Lactase is secreted from the linings of the small intestines. It breaks down lactose, a sugar in dairy products. Lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose for absorption. Those with lactose intolerance because they are unable to produce adequate lactase to break down sugars. Lactase has an optimum pH balance ranging between 2.0 and 7.0 with 6.0 being the optimum pH  (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2020 ).

[Audio] A healthy lifestyle requires a balanced diet. This diet should include from all five food groups, and the daily recommended intake of calories should be taken into account. Fruits and vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals necessary for supporting the immune system and metabolism. Carbohydrates like cereals, potatoes and pasta are important for cellular respiration and energy production. Fiber from vegetables, fruits, and whole grains regulates blood sugar and supports regular bowel movements. Not following a balanced diet can lead to diseases, fatigue and weakness. Therefore, it is important to adhere to the dietary guidelines for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.. 

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A balanced diet consists of all the essential nutrients, in the right amounts, from foods in the five different groups. Guidelines recommend that adult males and females to consume about 2500 and 2000 calories ( KCal ) per day, respectively. Recommendations also dictate taking 5 portions of vegetables and fruit per day, take about 6-8 glasses of water and stay physically active. Lack of a balanced diet makes human become prone to diseases and fatigue  (Saladin et al., 2020 ).  Fruit and vegetables make the first group of a balanced diet. Humans should eat 5 portions of fruits and veg per day because they are rich in vitamins and minerals that support metabolic processes and the immunity. Another food group is carbohydrates that are obtained from cereals, potatoes, and pasta. They are the main source of sugars for cellular respiration in the production of energy. Fiber from vegetables, fruits and whole grains are essential in blood sugar regulation and bowel movements  (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2020) .

[Audio] Fats are a key part of a balanced diet, providing energy, vitamins, and minerals like Vitamin E, and aiding healthy bones and teeth. Protein is a must, found in meats, eggs, and fish and important for muscle building, cellular repair, and forming essential elements. Dairy products are a good source of protein, minerals, vitamins, and calcium.. 

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Thirdly, the proteins groups are found in meats, eggs and fish. They help in muscle buildup, cellular repair, and form structures of essential elements . The fourth food group is dairy that is obtained from milk products which are also a good source of protein, minerals, vitamins and elements such as calcium that support bone and teeth health. Fats form the fifth group and they are found in oils and spreads. They act as a source of vitamins like vitamins E that is essential in eradicating infections. They also act as secondary source of energy.

[Audio] A balanced diet is essential for our overall health and wellbeing. Figure 5 shows that a balanced diet should comprise Meat and fish, carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables, dairy, and oils and spreads. Each of these food groups has its own health benefits and combining them creates a balanced mix for a healthier lifestyle.. 

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blogspot com)
What constitutes as a
balanced Diet
• Meat and fish
• Carbohydrates (starchy foods)
• Fruits and Vegetables
• Dairy
• Oils and Spreads

[Audio] Reference list contains three sources of information about digestive system anatomy, physiology, nutrition, and diet therapy. The first source is an article titled “Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology” by Maria Belleza on Nurseslabs. The second source is a textbook called “Nutrition & Diet Therapy” by Le-Ann DeBruyne and Kathy Pinna. The third source is a book titled “Anatomy Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function” by Kenneth Saladin, Sandra Sullivan, and Charles Gan. All sources provide detailed information on the structure, function, and relevance of the human digestive system.. 

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Belleza , M. (2021)  Digestive system anatomy and physiology ,  Nurseslabs . Available at: https://nurseslabs.com/digestive-system/ (Accessed: March 7, 2023).  DeBruyne, L.K. and Pinna, K. (2020)  Nutrition & Diet therapy . Boston, MA: Cengage.  Saladin, K., Sullivan, S. and  Gan , C. (2020)  Anatomy physiology: The unity of form and function . 9th  edn . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

[Audio] Figures in this slide demonstrate components of the human digestive system, from organs used for mechanical and chemical digestion to food groups needed for a balanced diet. Figure 1 presents the digestive system, specifically the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. Figure 2 focuses on the small and large intestines, which facilitate absorption and waste removal. Further, Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, with Figure 3 demonstrating how enzymes break down food into smaller particles, and Figure 4 displaying muscles in the mouth, stomach and small intestine move food along. Finally, Figure 5 symbolizes a balanced diet of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals - essential for digestion. Attention is appreciated.. 

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Fig 1 Digestive System:  https://nurseslabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Digestive-System-Digestive-System-Anatomy-and-Physiology.png.webp   Fig 2 Small and Large Intestine  https://nurseslabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Small-and-Large-Intestine-Digestive-System-Anatomy-and-Physiology.png.webp   Fig 3 Chemical digestion:  https://mammothmemory.net/biology.html Fig 4  Mechanical digestion:  https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/womaneating-chocolate-candy-piece-gm146720222-8501324     Fig 5 Balanced diet:  https://avitahealth.org/healthlibrary/macronutrients-a-simple-guide-to-macros/

HUMAN NUTRITION AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Scene 0

Today, we are going to learn about the human nutrition and digestive system

Our unit will focus on how food is broken down and how essential nutrients are absorbed

We will be discussing the structure and functions of the digestive system and the major food groups in a balanced diet

avatar

In this presentation, we will be discussing the structure and functions of the human digestive system and how it relates to digestion

We'll also be discussing the process of mechanical and chemical digestion, including the optimum conditions for the enzymes involved

We'll also be detailing the food groups that make up a balanced diet, with examples of their sources

To begin, let's start with the structure and functions of the human digestive system.

Digestive system is a complex network of organs and structures with the primary objective of breaking down food into its elementary components and permitting their absorption into the bloodstream

The process of digestion is made up of both mechanical, through mastication, and chemical actions, utilizing enzymes and water

As well as receiving nutrients, the digestive system is also responsible for expelling undigested and unused waste from the body

In summary, the digestive system is a primary factor in the body's capability to receive nourishment and eliminate waste.

Structure of the digestive system is a complex process of breakdown and absorption of the food we consume

G I tract, consisting of various organs, begins in the mouth and ends at the anus and has a length of up to 30 meters in adults

Organs work in coordination to pass the food through different stages of digestion from ingestion to defecation

This intricate process is essential for absorbing essential nutrients from our food.

The digestive system is made up of several parts working together to break down and process food

In the mouth, food is chewed and mixed with saliva containing an enzyme called amylase to start digestion

It then heads to the oropharynx, followed by the oesophagus, controlled by constrictor muscles

Through peristalsis, the rhythmic wave-like contractions of muscles, the food is propelled further down the oesophagus and to the stomach.

Starting from the top left, the mouth mechanically breaks down food through chewing and the application of saliva

This is followed by the esophagus which transports the food from the mouth to the stomach

The stomach stores the food and initiates chemical digestion

The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption while the large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and producing feces

Lastly, the rectum stores the feces until it exits the body.

In the digestive system, the stomach receives food boluses and churns them with the help of hydrochloric acid, forming chime, a thick semi-fluid mass

Chyme mixes with gastric juices and enzymes for further digestion

Pepsin is a protein-degrading enzyme responsible for the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and the eventual absorbable amino acids

The digested food is then transferred to the duodenum and ileum, the two sections of the small intestine

In the duodenum, bile and pancreatic juices meet to combine with chyme and aid the final stages of digestion

Bile produced by the liver contains bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, water and body salts and helps breakdown fats into fatty acids and triglycerol

From the duodenum, the semi-fluid contents leave the small intestine into the colon in liquid form, and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the villi.

The large intestines, often referred to as the colon, is a muscular tube of about 1.5 metres in length with the primary role of absorbing water and salts from chyme

It is made up of the cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, rectum and anus

This tube is instrumental in finishing digestion and absorption of nutrients, with the remaining material stored in the sigmoid colon and rectum until it is ready for excretion through the anal canal

The anal sphincter, a muscular ring, maintains the anus closed until it is triggered by our parasympathetic nervous system for bowel movements.

Small and large intestines are main components of the digestive system

Small intestine, the longest part of the digestive tract, absorbs majority of the nutrients from food and is divided into three sections, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Large intestine is the last part of the digestive tract and responsible for the absorption of water from the wastes and the formation of feces.

Mastication, the process of chewing food, starts mechanical digestion in the oral cavity

Enzymes like amylase break down the bonds between particles to form boluses

Peristalsis then propels the boluses through the digestive system via the involuntary contractions of the oesophageal, stomach, and intestinal muscles

This combination of processes is what allows us to consume and digest food in the gastrointestinal tract.

The process of chemical digestion is essential for the breakdown of food particles so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream

In the mouth, saliva is produced and contains the enzymes lipase and amylase which break down starch and fat respectively

In the stomach, the enzyme pepsin further breaks down proteins while gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides

The small intestine is where a majority of the chemical digestion processes take place, with many digestive enzymes being secreted here

For example, lactase and sucrose digest lactose and sucrose into absorbable sugars

This essential process of chemical digestion ensures that the body receives the nutrients it needs for proper functioning.

Mastication, the ripping, tearing, and chewing of food, is the first step in mechanical digestion

After forming a bolus, amylase, a digestive enzyme, turns starch into sugars

Pepsin, another enzyme, is an important part of the digestive process that takes place in the stomach and jejunum and ileum

The large intestine is where the final stages of digestion occur, divided into the cecum and colon

Chemical digestion is the other critical process that takes place in the human digestive system.

Enzymes are specialized proteins that speed up the chemical reactions necessary to break down the food we eat into the nutrients our bodies need and are essential to our digestion

There are three main types of enzymes - lipases, amylases, and proteases - that target specific nutrients

For enzymes to function effectively, they need to be at our body temperature and in a particular pH balance depending on where they are located in the body

Temperature and pH changes can affect the enzyme's structure and function, leading to an impaired metabolism

Enzymes have active sites on which chemical reactions occur

These sites are specific in shape and only certain molecules can fit them

When the reactions are complete, the products leave the active sites and the enzyme is ready for another reaction.

Pepsin and Lactase are both essential enzymes for the digestive system

Pepsin is released in the stomach and works to break down proteins as well as fight off harmful microorganisms

It also separates vitamin B12 from proteins

Lactase is found in the small intestine and is responsible for breaking down lactose, a sugar found in dairy products

Those who are lactose intolerant produce too little lactase, leaving the sugar unable to be properly broken down

The optimal pH for pepsin is around 2, while lactase works best in a pH range between 2-7, with 6 being ideal.

A healthy lifestyle requires a balanced diet

This diet should include from all five food groups, and the daily recommended intake of calories should be taken into account

Fruits and vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals necessary for supporting the immune system and metabolism

Carbohydrates like cereals, potatoes and pasta are important for cellular respiration and energy production

Fiber from vegetables, fruits, and whole grains regulates blood sugar and supports regular bowel movements

Not following a balanced diet can lead to diseases, fatigue and weakness

Therefore, it is important to adhere to the dietary guidelines for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Fats are a key part of a balanced diet, providing energy, vitamins, and minerals like Vitamin E, and aiding healthy bones and teeth

Protein is a must, found in meats, eggs, and fish and important for muscle building, cellular repair, and forming essential elements

Dairy products are a good source of protein, minerals, vitamins, and calcium.

A balanced diet is essential for our overall health and wellbeing

Figure 5 shows that a balanced diet should comprise Meat and fish, carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables, dairy, and oils and spreads

Each of these food groups has its own health benefits and combining them creates a balanced mix for a healthier lifestyle.

Reference list contains three sources of information about digestive system anatomy, physiology, nutrition, and diet therapy

The first source is an article titled “Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology” by Maria Belleza on Nurseslabs

The second source is a textbook called “Nutrition & Diet Therapy” by Le-Ann DeBruyne and Kathy Pinna

The third source is a book titled “Anatomy Physiology

The Unity of Form and Function” by Kenneth Saladin, Sandra Sullivan, and Charles Gan

All sources provide detailed information on the structure, function, and relevance of the human digestive system.

Figures in this slide demonstrate components of the human digestive system, from organs used for mechanical and chemical digestion to food groups needed for a balanced diet

Figure 1 presents the digestive system, specifically the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum

Figure 2 focuses on the small and large intestines, which facilitate absorption and waste removal

Further, Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, with Figure 3 demonstrating how enzymes break down food into smaller particles, and Figure 4 displaying muscles in the mouth, stomach and small intestine move food along

Finally, Figure 5 symbolizes a balanced diet of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals - essential for digestion

 Fig 1 Digestive System:  https://nurseslabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Digestive-System-Digestive-System-Anatomy-and-Physiology.png.webp   Fig 2 Small and Large Intestine  https://nurseslabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Small-and-Large-Intestine-Digestive-System-Anatomy-and-Physiology.png.webp   Fig 3 Chemical digestion:  https://mammothmemory.net/biology.html Fig 4  Mechanical digestion:  https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/womaneating-chocolate-candy-piece-gm146720222-8501324     Fig 5 Balanced diet:  https://avitahealth.org/healthlibrary/macronutrients-a-simple-guide-to-macros/