Human Growth and Development

[Virtual Presenter] Human Growth and Development Chapter 8.1.

[Audio] Objectives/I can statements: Identify at least two physical, mental, emotional, and social developments that occur during each stage of seven main life stages Explain the causes and treatments of chemical abuse Identify methods used to prevent suicide and list common warning signs Recognize ways that life stages affect an individual's needs.

[Audio] Growth and Development Growth: Measurable physical changes throughout life Height, weight, body shape, head circumference, physical characteristics, development of sex organs and dentition Development: Intellectual, mental, emotional, social, functional skills Usually proceed from simple to complex tasks More difficult to measure.

[Audio] Life Stages Infancy: birth to 1 year Early childhood: 1–6 years Late childhood: 6–12 years Adolescence: 12–18 years Early adulthood: 19–40 years Middle adulthood: 40–65 years Late adulthood: 65 years and older.

[Audio] Main types of growth & development Physical: body growth Mental/cognitive: intellectual development Emotional: feelings Social: interactions and relationships with others.

[Audio] Developmental tasks Progress from simple to complex Each stage establishes the foundation for the next stage Rate of progress from stage to stage is individualized.

[Audio] Erik Erikson (1902-1994) Studied psychoanalysis Created personality theory based on psychosocial development Identity develops in eight stages Each stage is built on prior stage represents a conflict Each developmental task must be mastered to move to the next.

[Audio] Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development Infancy Birth to 1 Year Oral–Sensory Toddler 1–3 Years Muscular–Anal Preschool 3–6 Years Locomotor School-Age 6–12 Years Latency Adolescence 12–18 Years Young Adulthood 19–40 Years Middle Adulthood 40–65 Years Older Adulthood 65 Years to Death.

[Audio] Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development Refer to Table 8-1.

[Audio] Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss developmental biologist Cognitive theorist Believed Development is related to experiential age more than cognitive age Intelligence consists of coping with the environment Infants are born reflexes that the infant uses to adapt to People use assimilation and accommodation Assimilation: process by which a person's mind takes in information from the environment Accommodation: process of changing cognitive ideas based on the new information.

[Audio] Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor (Infant, 0 – 2 years) Preoperational (2 – 7 years) Concrete operations (6 – 12 years) Formal operations (11 – 15 years) See Table 8-2.

[Audio] Key points Clients at different ages have different concerns Each life stage also creates certain needs in individuals An individual's sex, race, heredity, culture, life experiences, and health status can cause different needs Injury or illness usually has a negative effect and can change needs or impair development.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Physical Development Dramatic and rapid changes Weight & Height Teeth Vision Special senses Muscular and nervous systems are immature at birth.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Physical Development Infant Reflexes Moro or startle: reflex to a loud noise or sudden movement MORO REFLEX Rooting: slight touch on cheek causes mouth to open and head to turn ROOTING REFLEX Sucking: caused by slight touch on the lips SUCKING REFLEX Grasp: infant grasps an object in his or her hand GRASP REFLEX & PLANTAR GRASP REFLEX.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Physical Development At first infants are able to lift head slightly By 2 to 4 months, can usually roll from side to back, support themselves on their forearms when prone, and grasp or try to reach objects By 4 to 6 months, can turn their body completely around; accept objects handed to them; grasp stationary objects such as a bottle; and with support, hold their head up while sitting By 6 to 8 months, can sit unsupported, grasp moving objects, transfer objects from one hand to the other, and crawl on their stomachs By 8 to 10 months, can crawl using their knees and hands, pull themselves to a sitting or standing position, and use good hand-to-mouth coordination to put things in their mouths By 12 months, frequently walking without assistance, grasping objects with thumb and fingers, and throwing small objects.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Mental Development Newborns respond to discomforts such as pain, cold, or hunger by crying As needs are met, they gradually become more aware of surroundings and begin to recognize individuals associated with their care As infants respond to stimuli in the environment, learning activities grow.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Mental Development Speech At birth, they are unable to speak By 2 to 4 months, they coo or babble when spoken to, laugh out loud, and squeal with pleasure By 6 months, infants understand some words and can make basic sounds such as mama and dada By 12 months, they understand many words and use many single words in their vocabulary.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Emotional Development Newborns show excitement By 4 to 6 months of age, distress, delight, anger, disgust, and fear can often be seen By 12 months of age, elation and affection for adults is evident Events that occur in the first year of life when these emotions are first exhibited can have a strong influence on babies' emotional behavior as adults.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Social Development Progresses from the total self-centered concept of the newborn to a gradual recognition of others in the environment By 4 months of age, infants recognize those who care for them, smile readily, and stare intently at others By 6 months of age, infants watch the activities of others, show signs of possessiveness, and may become shy or withdraw from strangers By 12 months of age, infants may still be shy with strangers but socialize freely with familiar people and mimic and imitate gestures, facial expressions, and vocal sounds.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Infant needs Infants are dependent on others for all needs Food, cleanliness, and rest are essential for physical growth Love and security are essential for emotional and social growth Stimulation is essential for mental growth.

[Audio] Infancy (birth to 1 year): Caring for infants Give the parents or guardians support and reassurance and involve them in the infant's care Provide information on nutrition, growth, development, sleep patterns, meeting needs, and creating a healthy environment to promote wellness in the infant Take care at all times to ensure the infant's safety Prevent the transmission of infection by washing hands thoroughly and observing standard precautions.

[Audio] Early Childhood (ages 1-6): Physical development By age 6, average weight is 45 pounds (20.4 kg) and average height is 46 inches (116 cm) By ages 2 to 3, most primary teeth have erupted and digestive system is mature enough to handle most adult foods Between 2 and 4 years of age, most children learn bladder and bowel control Skeletal and muscle development helps child assume a more adult appearance Muscle coordination allows child to run, climb, and move freely As muscles of fingers develop, child learns to write, draw, and use a fork and knife.

[Audio] Early Childhood (ages 1-6): Mental development Verbal growth develops from use of several words at age 1 to a vocabulary of 1,500 to 2,500 words at age 6 2-year-olds Short attention span but are interested in many different activities Remember details Begin to understand concepts.

[Audio] Early Childhood (ages 1-6): Mental development 4-year-olds Ask frequent questions Usually recognize letters and some words Begin to make decisions based on logic rather than trial and error 6-year-olds Very verbal and want to learn how to read and write Memory has developed to where a child can make decisions based on past and present experiences.

[Audio] Early Childhood (ages 1-2): Emotional development Begin to develop self-awareness and to recognize the effect they have on others or on other things Limits are usually established for safety, which can cause 1- to 2-year-olds to either accept or defy the limits By age 2, most children begin to gain self-confidence and are enthusiastic about learning new things Feel impatience and frustration as they try to do things beyond their ability Anger, often in the form of "temper tantrums," occurs when they cannot perform as desired Also like routine and become stubborn, angry, or frustrated when changes occur.

[Audio] Early Childhood (ages 4-6): Emotional development Begin to gain more control over their emotions Understand what is right and wrong Have achieved more independence and are not frustrated as much by their lack of ability Most show less anxiety when faced with new experiences because they have learned that they can deal with new situations.

[Audio] Early Childhood (ages 1-6): Social development Expands from a self-centered (egocentric) 1-year-old to a very sociable 6year-old Early years Usually strongly attached to parents (or individuals who provide care) and fear any separation Begin to enjoy company of others, but are still very possessive Playing alongside other children is more common than playing with other children.

[Audio] Early Childhood (ages 1-6): Social development Later years Learn to put "self" aside and begin to take more of an interest in others Learn to trust other people Make more of an effort to please others by becoming more agreeable and social Friends of their own age are usually important to a 6-year-old.

[Audio] Early Childhood (ages 1-6): Needs Needs still include food, rest, shelter, protection, love, and security Also need routine, order, and consistency in daily lives Must be taught to be responsible and must learn how to conform to rules Can be accomplished by making reasonable demands based on their ability to comply.

[Audio] Caring for toddlers Be sensitive to the child's fears and anxiety when dealing with strangers Enlist the help of parents or guardians Use a calm but firm approach to establish rapport with the child Use play to alleviate fear Provide simple explanations to gain cooperation Allow the child to participate in care by providing one or two choices Reassure the child After a painful procedure, comfort the child.

[Audio] Caring for preschoolers Use many of the same techniques Encourage verbalization of fears Answer questions Allow the child to make choices such as what color cast to use to splint a fractured bone Praise the child for cooperating Make health education fun Listen to the child's requests and try to fulfill them.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence (ages 6-12) Physical development Slow but steady Weight gain averages 5 to 7 pounds per year Height increases about 2 to 3 inches per year Muscle coordination is well developed Engage in physical activities that require complex motor-sensory coordination Most primary teeth are lost, and permanent teeth erupt.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence (ages 6-12) Physical development Eyes are well developed, and visual acuity is at its best During ages 10 to 12 secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence (ages 6-12) Mental development Increases rapidly because much of their life centers around school Speech skills develop more completely Reading and writing skills should be learned Learn to use information to solve problems Memory becomes more complex Begin to understand more concepts such as loyalty, honesty, values, and morals Use more active thinking Become more adept at making judgments.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence Emotional development Age 6 Often frightened and uncertain as they begin school Reassuring parents and success in school help children gain self-confidence Role-playing also allows child to control fears Fears are replaced by the ability to cope Learn to control their emotions.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence Emotional development Ages 10 to 12 Sexual maturation and changes in body functions can lead to periods of depression followed by joy Emotional changes can cause children to be restless and anxious and difficult to understand.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence Social development 7-year-olds Tend to like activities they can do by themselves Do not usually like group activities Want the approval of others, especially parents and friends.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence Social development 8- to 10-year-olds Tend to be more group-oriented Form groups with members of their own sex More ready to accept the opinions of others Learn to conform to rules and standards of behavior 10- to 12-year-olds Tend to make friends more easily Begin to develop an increasing awareness of the opposite sex Gradually move away from their parents and their dependency on them.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence (ages 6-12) Needs Include same basic needs of infancy and early childhood Also need reassurance, parental approval, and peer acceptance.

[Audio] Late childhood or preadolescence (ages 6-12) Cares Because this age group is prone to accidents and minor infections, must stress safety and healthy living principles Provide information about nutrition, personal hygiene, sleep patterns, exercise, dental hygiene, preventing infection, and puberty Encourage independence and allow the child to make his or her own decisions whenever possible Be sensitive to the child's need for privacy Make every effort to encourage the child to discuss his or her concerns by using a nonjudgmental approach.

[Audio] Adolescence (ages 12-18): Physical development Occurs most dramatically in the early period Sudden "growth spurt" can cause rapid increases in weight and height Muscle coordination does not occur as quickly, which can lead to awkwardness and clumsiness.

[Audio] Adolescence (ages 12-18): Physical development Puberty Development of the sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics Secretion of sex hormones.

[Audio] Adolescence (ages 12-18): Mental development Increase in knowledge and a sharpening of skills Learning independence and self-sufficiency Learn to make decisions and to accept responsibility for their actions Causes conflict at times because they are treated as both children and adults Told to "grow up" Reminded that they are "still children".

[Audio] Adolescence (ages 12-18): Emotional development Mood swings Often uncertain and feel inadequate and insecure as they try to establish their identity and independence Worry about their appearance, their ability, and their relationships with others Respond more to peer group influences Leads to a change in attitude and behavior Can create conflict with values previously established.

[Audio] Adolescence (ages 12-18): Emotional development Later years of adolescence Self-identity has been established Feel more comfortable with who they are Turn their attention to what they may become Gain more control of their feelings Become more mature emotionally.