HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

[Audio] Human genome Project. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT.

[Audio] Introduction The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international research initiative. Aim: To map and understand all genes of the human species. It sought to determine the entire DNA sequence of the human genome. The project provided a foundation for genetics and molecular biology. Considered one of the largest collaborative scientific efforts in history. It transformed how we understand human biology, health, and evolution..

[Audio] What is the human genome Project Total DNA: ~3 billion base pairs organized in 23 chromosome pairs. Protein-coding genes: ~20,000–25,000. Non-coding DNA: Over 98% of the genome. Regulatory elements: Promoters, enhancers, silencers control gene activity. Repetitive DNA sequences scattered throughout the genome. Genetic variations: SNPs and small insertions/deletions. Mitochondrial DNA: ~16,500 base pairs, inherited maternally. Encodes instructions for building and maintaining the human body..

[Audio] History and timeline Proposed in the mid-1980s by geneticists and biotechnologists. Officially launched in 1990 by the U.S. Department of Energy and NIH. Collaboration between 20 institutions from 6 countries. Draft sequence completed in 2000, final version in 2003. Finished two years ahead of schedule and under budget. Marked the beginning of the genomics era..

[Audio] Goals of hgp Identify and map all human genes (~20,000–25,000). Determine the 3 billion DNA base pairs sequence. Store data in publicly accessible databases. Develop new tools for data analysis and sequencing. Study model organisms like mice for comparison. Address ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI)..

[Audio] Methods and techniques Used shotgun sequencing and BAC-based mapping. DNA was cut, cloned, sequenced, and assembled. Relied on automated sequencing machines. Bioinformatics tools helped organize and analyze data. Involved massive computing power for sequence alignment. Public and private sectors worked with different strategies..

[Audio] Major participants Major contributors: USA, UK, Japan, France, Germany, China. Key institutions: NIH, Wellcome Trust (UK), Celera Genomics. Thousands of scientists collaborated worldwide. Private and public sectors both contributed to sequencing. Dr. Francis Collins (NIH) and Dr. Craig Venter (Celera) were key figures. Demonstrated the power of global scientific cooperation..

[Audio] Key findings Humans have around 20,000–25,000 genes. Only 1.5% of DNA codes for proteins; the rest are noncoding regions. 99.9% of DNA is identical among all humans. Discovered many genes linked to diseases. Genes are spread across 23 pairs of chromosomes. Revealed how small variations cause major differences..

[Audio] Application and benefits Enables personalized medicine and targeted drug therapy. Helps detect genetic disorders early. Used in forensic science for identification and crime solving. Improves understanding of evolution and ancestry. Assists in biotechnology and gene therapy development. Promotes data sharing and open science culture..

[Audio] Ethical legal and social issues Concerns about privacy and misuse of genetic data. Risk of genetic discrimination in jobs or insurance. Ethical debates over gene editing and cloning. Ownership of genetic information questioned. HGP funded ELSI program to address these issues. Stresses need for ethical guidelines in genetics research..

[Audio] Conclusion The HGP marked a revolution in genetic science. Provided a complete map of the human DNA blueprint. Laid the foundation for modern genomics and bioinformatics. Its discoveries continue to transform healthcare and research. Showed how global collaboration can achieve scientific miracles. The HGP truly unlocked the secrets of human life..

[Audio] Thank you. THANK YOU.