Abnormal Psychology

Abnormal Psychology. Eighteenth Edition. Front Cover: Abnormal Psychology Eighteenth Edition by Hooley and Butcher.

[Audio] Today's class focuses on Abnormal Psychology, covering various aspects of mental disorders and their impact on individuals. We will begin with our learning objectives, including understanding how abnormality is defined and mental disorders are classified, the advantages and disadvantages of using a classification system, the influence of culture on our understanding of abnormal behavior, and the difference between incidence and prevalence of mental disorders. We will also explore the importance of conducting research in this field. By the end of the class, we hope to have a better understanding of these topics and their significance in Abnormal Psychology..

[Audio] We are currently on slide number three out of forty-seven, focusing on chapter one of our textbook "Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches" written by Hooley and Butcher. This chapter discusses the various approaches used to gather information about mental disorders. Our learning objectives for this slide are to describe the three approaches, explain the importance of a control group in testing hypotheses, and understand the key features of experimental design. The three approaches are clinical, correlational, and experimental, each with their own strengths and limitations. We will further discuss these in subsequent slides. It is important to have a control or comparison group in testing hypotheses to determine a cause and effect relationship. Correlational research designs, while not allowing for causal inferences, can still provide valuable information. We will also explore the key features of experimental design, which allows for causal inferences and provides stronger evidence. In summary, this slide covers the three approaches used in gathering information about mental disorders, the significance of a control group, the value of correlational research designs, and the key features of an experimental design..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing chapter one of abnormal psychology, which gives an overview of the field and the research methods used to study it. Abnormal psychology focuses on understanding mental disorders, ranging from anxiety and depression to more severe conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. These can be seen in media, personal experiences, and are issues that demand our attention and raise questions. One particular topic of interest is family aggregation, which looks at whether certain disorders tend to run in families and can provide insight into the causes. To effectively treat these disorders, it is essential to have compassion, critical thinking skills, and the ability to ask thought-provoking questions. As psychologists, asking questions is a crucial part of the research process, which helps us gain a deeper understanding of mental disorders and work towards improving the lives of those affected. Thank you for your attention. Please stay tuned for the next slide..

[Audio] Our presentation on Abnormal Psychology will focus on Chapter 1: Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches. We will discuss how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. This can be a complex topic as there is no universal agreement on what is considered abnormal or a disorder. However, there are several indicators that can help us identify abnormality in individuals. The first indicator is subjective distress, which is an individual's own perception of their emotional or mental state. If someone is experiencing distress, it could be a sign of a mental disorder. Maladaptiveness is another indicator, referring to the inability of an individual to function effectively in everyday life. This can include difficulties in relationships, work, or social situations. Statistical deviancy is a third indicator, meaning an individual's thoughts, behaviors, or emotions are significantly different from the average or norm of a particular group. Violation of the standards of society is another sign of abnormality, referring to behaviors or thoughts that do not align with the cultural norms and values of a society. Other indicators such as social discomfort, irrationality, and unpredictability can also suggest abnormality. Lastly, dangerousness is an important factor to consider, as an individual's thoughts or actions that pose a risk to themselves or others could be a sign of a mental disorder. It is important to note that culture plays a significant role in determining what is considered abnormal. As times and attitudes change, behaviors that were once considered abnormal may now be seen as normal. This concludes our discussion on understanding abnormality. We will now explore the historical and cultural influences on our understanding of abnormal psychology on the next slide. Thank you for your attention..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing chapter 1 of our textbook, "Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches". Specifically, we will focus on slide number 6, which explores the question, "What Do We Mean by Abnormality?". Defining abnormality in the field of psychology is a complex and ongoing process. In the United States, the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5, is the standard for defining mental disorders. The current version, published in 2013, is the result of years of research and collaboration among experts in the field. It's important to note that other psychiatric classification systems also exist, such as the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, which is used outside of the U S These different systems may have different definitions of abnormality, highlighting the complexity of this topic. Understanding what is considered abnormal and normal in the field of psychology is crucial for our learning. It is a constantly evolving area of study that requires careful consideration and critical thinking..

[Audio] In our exploration of abnormal psychology, we have reached slide number 7, titled "What Do We Mean by Abnormality? (3 of 3)". This slide discusses the DSM-5 definition of a mental disorder and its role in understanding abnormal behavior. According to the DSM-5, a mental disorder is defined as a syndrome that causes clinically significant disturbances in an individual's behavior, emotion regulation, and cognitive functioning. It signifies a disruption or dysfunction in the necessary biological, psychological, or developmental processes for mental functioning. These disturbances also result in significant distress or disability in social or work life. This is a crucial factor in determining abnormal behavior as it can impact an individual's daily life and functioning. Furthermore, the DSM-5 excludes expected or culturally accepted responses to common stressors or losses, such as the death of a loved one. This helps to differentiate between normal and abnormal responses to life events. The DSM-5 also emphasizes that a dysfunctional pattern of behavior should not stem from social deviance or conflicts with society as a whole. This helps to distinguish between behavior that may be considered abnormal and behavior that is simply different from societal norms. It is important to remember that the DSM is a constantly evolving document and should not be seen as a definitive guide. It is a work in progress and will continue to be regularly updated as our understanding of abnormal behavior and mental disorders grows. In summary, the DSM-5 provides a comprehensive definition of a mental disorder and aids in better understanding and identifying abnormal behavior. Our discussion will continue in the next slide..

[Audio] Today, we will discuss chapter 1 of our textbook, "Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches". Specifically, we will focus on the topic of classification and diagnosis, the first Learning Objective of this chapter. Our goal for this discussion is to understand the advantages and disadvantages of using classification systems. One significant benefit is the ability to provide a naming system for different psychological disorders, creating a common language for clinicians and researchers to use in communication and collaboration. Another advantage is the organization of information into helpful categories, making it easier for clinicians to identify and treat disorders, as well as facilitating further research. However, it is essential to acknowledge the criticism that classification systems may oversimplify the complex nature of psychological disorders and may not accurately capture individual experiences. Overall, classification systems are vital in the field of abnormal psychology, defining what is considered pathological and aiding with insurance reimbursement assessment. It is important for us to have a thorough understanding of both the advantages and disadvantages of using such systems. We will continue to explore this topic in the following slides..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing Chapter 1 which covers an overview of abnormal psychology and research approaches. I want to draw your attention to a very important concept: classification. In the study of Abnormal Psychology, we use diagnostic classification systems to identify and categorize different disorders. It is important to remember that these systems classify disorders, not people. There are certain disadvantages to classification. The first being the loss of specific information and personal details due to simplification. When we label someone with a disorder, it is easy to overlook their unique experiences and individuality. Another disadvantage is the potential stigma and stereotyping that may be associated with diagnosis. Receiving a label can lead to discrimination and unfair judgments from others. This can have a negative impact on self-concept and can lead to a sense of shame and isolation. It is crucial for us to remember that diagnostic classification systems do not classify people; they classify the disorders that people have. As future professionals in the field, it is our responsibility to be mindful of how we speak about these classifications. We must take care not to define individuals by their illness, but rather use respectful and appropriate language, such as "a person with schizophrenia," emphasizing that individuals are much more than their diagnosis. In conclusion, diagnostic classification is an important tool in the study of Abnormal Psychology, but it is crucial for us to not let it define individuals or contribute to stigma and stereotyping. Thank you for listening..

[Audio] Today's class will cover how to reduce prejudicial attitudes towards those who are mentally ill. According to slide 10, people tend to avoid those with mental illness because being around them can create uncomfortable and unpleasant feelings. But how can we decrease this prejudice? This negative reaction towards mental illness is a global issue, despite our understanding of its causes. One way to reduce this stigma is by interacting with those who have a mental illness. Research has shown that this can decrease prejudice, but the interaction may also cause distress. As future mental health professionals, it is our responsibility to understand and support those with mental illness. We must actively work towards creating a safe and inclusive environment for those who are suffering. Thank you for your attention and let's continue our journey to learn more about abnormal psychology..

[Audio] We are currently on slide number 11 out of 47, discussing how culture influences the definition and perception of abnormality in abnormal psychology. Culture shapes our understanding of the world and plays a significant role in defining abnormal behavior. Different cultures have their own definitions of abnormality, which can lead to confusion and misinterpretation in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders. Culture can also affect the clinical presentation and severity of disorders. For example, certain behaviors may be considered normal in one culture but pathological in another. This has led to the development of culture-specific disorders that are unique to a particular culture. To better understand the impact of culture on abnormal psychology, it is important to respect cultural differences and be aware of our own cultural biases. In conclusion, culture has a significant influence on abnormal psychology and it is crucial for mental health professionals to recognize and respect these cultural differences. In our lesson, we will further explore culture-specific disorders and how they are treated in different cultures. Thank you for listening and see you on the next slide..

[Audio] Today, we will discuss Chapter 1 of the textbook "Abnormal Psychology Eighteenth Edition" by Hooley and Butcher. This chapter gives an overview of abnormal psychology and the various research approaches used in this field. We will focus on Slide Number 12 out of 47, which covers the topic of the prevalence of mental disorders. Our learning objective is to differentiate between incidence and prevalence, and to identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. This is an essential skill for mental health professionals in understanding and addressing the needs of those with mental health disorders. To answer the question of how common mental disorders are, we have conducted extensive research. Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a mental disorder that occur within a specific period, while prevalence refers to the total number of cases of a disorder in a specific population at a given time. Knowing the number and types of people with diagnosable mental disorders is significant for several reasons. It helps in planning, establishing, and funding mental health services for specific disorders. By understanding the prevalence and incidence of certain disorders, we can allocate resources and provide appropriate treatment for those in need. Additionally, studying the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders can help us better understand the causes of these disorders in different groups of people. This information is critical in identifying risk factors and developing effective prevention strategies. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders is a crucial aspect of abnormal psychology. It enables us to plan and provide services and gain a deeper understanding of the causes of these disorders. Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to discussing the next slide with you..

[Audio] This slide will discuss the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in our society. Mental health epidemiology studies the distribution of mental disorders in a population. It helps us understand the scope and impact of these disorders on individuals and society. Prevalence is the number of active cases in a population during a specific period of time, which can be expressed in percentages or different estimates. Point prevalence is the estimated proportion of active cases of a disorder at a specific point in time. For example, 20% of the population may currently have an anxiety disorder. 1-year prevalence estimates the number of people who have experienced a disorder in the entire year, providing insight into the long-term impact of the disorder on individuals. Lifetime prevalence estimates the number of people who have had a disorder at any point in their lives, giving us an overall understanding of its prevalence in a population. Incidence, on the other hand, refers to the number of new cases in a population over a given period of time. This is important in identifying areas for intervention and tracking the impact of these disorders on society. Your attention is appreciated, and please take notes as this is crucial information for understanding abnormal psychology. We will now move on to the next slide..

[Audio] Today, we will be continuing our discussion on abnormal psychology. We are currently on slide 14 out of 47, which focuses on the prevalence of mental disorders. This slide presents data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the most comprehensive study on mental disorder prevalence in the United States, specifically for adults. According to this survey, anxiety disorders are the most common, affecting a significant portion of the population. Among the individual disorders mentioned, major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse, and specific phobias (such as fear of small animals, insects, flying, or heights) are the most prevalent. It is important to note that there are many other specific phobias that individuals may struggle with. Furthermore, social phobias, specifically a fear of public speaking, are also common and can greatly impact daily life. This data is crucial for understanding the prevalence of mental disorders in our society and will be further discussed in future classes..

[Audio] In this presentation, we will be discussing the prevalence of mental disorders in adults in the United States. According to data from various sources, there has been a significant increase in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States. This was reported in a 2005 study by Kessler et al. These numbers are alarming and emphasize the need for better understanding and treatment of mental health issues. Another study by Kessler et al. in 2005 revealed the prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The results showed that anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse disorders are highly prevalent in adults in the United States. To further understand the prevalence of mental disorders in the United States, we will be referring to Table 1.1, which displays the percentages of adults who have experienced certain disorders in the past year and over their lifetime. Roughly 18% of adults in the United States have experienced some form of anxiety disorder in the past year, and almost 30% have experienced it at some point in their lifetime. Similarly, about 10% of adults have experienced a mood disorder in the past year, and over 20% have experienced it in their lifetime. Substance abuse disorders also have a significant prevalence, with over 3% of adults experiencing it in the past year and around 15% experiencing it in their lifetime. And when looking at the overall prevalence of any disorder, the numbers are even more concerning, with over a quarter of adults in the United States experiencing some form of mental disorder in the past year, and almost half experiencing it in their lifetime. These statistics highlight the importance of addressing and understanding mental health issues in the United States. Thank you for listening to this portion of our presentation, and we will continue with more valuable information in Chapter 1 of Abnormal Psychology..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing the 18th edition of Hooley and Butcher's textbook "Abnormal Psychology," specifically focusing on chapter 1, which provides an overview of abnormal psychology and research approaches. The information presented in this slide will cover the prevalence of mental disorders in the United States, based on two studies conducted by Kessler et al. in 2005. Table 1.2 shows the most common individual mental disorders in the US, including major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse, specific phobia, social phobia, and conduct disorder. These disorders have a 1-year prevalence ranging from 1% to 8.7%, and a lifetime prevalence ranging from 9.5% to 16.6%. It is important to recognize that these numbers represent only a small portion of the population, and there may be many more individuals with mental disorders who were not included in these studies. This emphasizes the significance of understanding and addressing mental health issues in our society. As future psychologists, it is our responsibility to utilize this information and continue conducting research to better understand and treat these disorders. It is essential to remember that these numbers represent real people and their struggles with mental health. We will now move on to our next slide and continue our discussion on abnormal psychology..

[Audio] Today in class, we will be discussing slide number 17 in our presentation on Abnormal Psychology. This slide focuses on Chapter 1, which provides an overview of research approaches. The slide contains important information about the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, also known as NSDUH. The survey gives us the most recent data on the 1-year prevalence of serious mental illness in adults in the United States, which is currently at 4.0 percent. It is important to note that comorbidity, which is the presence of multiple disorders in one person, tends to occur in more severe cases rather than mild ones. This highlights the complexity of mental illness and the importance of further research in this field. Let's move on to the next slide..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing Chapter 1: Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches, which covers the categories and statistics on mental illness in the United States. Please turn your attention to slide number 18, which displays a bar graph from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The vertical axis is labeled "Percent", ranging from 0.0 to 10.0, and the horizontal axis shows the different categories of mental illness. These include "Sex" with "Male (5.0)" and "Female (3.0)", "Age group" with "18–25 (5.0)", "26–49 (5.0)", and "50+ (2.8)", and "Race/ethnicity" with "Hispanic (2.9)", "White (4.5)", "Black (2.9)", "Asian (1.7)", "NH/OPI (1.8)", "AI/AN (6.3)", and "2 or more (9.5)". At the bottom of the graph, you will find the legends defining the abbreviations used. This graph provides a visual representation of the prevalence of serious mental illness among adults in the United States in 2015. It is important to note that this data is only a snapshot and does not encompass the full range of mental health conditions. Take a closer look at the graph and reflect on the statistics presented as it is vital to understanding the impact of mental illness in our society. Thank you and stay tuned for our next class where we will delve deeper into the topic of abnormal psychology. Don't forget to press F6 for a detailed description of this slide. See you next class!.

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing Chapter 1 on Abnormal Psychology, with a focus on the topic of "How Common Are Mental Disorders?" Mental disorders are a significant issue in our society, making up more than 7 percent of the global burden of disease. They have a wide range of effects on individuals and society, including emotional and economic impacts. It is important for us to understand the scope and prevalence of these disorders and find effective ways to address them. Unfortunately, many people delay seeking treatment for mental disorders, leading to worsened symptoms and decreased quality of life. Most treatment for mental disorders is done on an outpatient basis, with specialized inpatient care reserved for a small portion of individuals. Additionally, a significant number of individuals receive treatment from family physicians, showing the importance of integrating mental health into primary care. As we continue to explore this field, let us remember the significance of addressing mental disorders and providing effective treatment. Thank you for listening and I look forward to further discussions on this topic..

[Audio] Our study of abnormal psychology now shifts to the global burden of mental and substance use disorders, based on a study by Whiteford et al. (2013) published in the Lancet. The graph on this slide shows the age ranges and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for different disorders. The vertical axis ranges from 1000 to 8000, while the horizontal axis lists various age ranges. These disorders include depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, childhood behavioral disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, idiopathic intellectual disability, and alcohol use disorders. The curves for depressive and anxiety disorders have an inclined slope with their peaks at 20-24 years and 10-14 and 20-24 years, respectively. The curve for schizophrenia peaks at 40-44 years, while that for bipolar disorders has a peak at 20-24 and 30-39 years. The curves for eating disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, and idiopathic intellectual disability are consistently below 1000 for all age ranges. The curve for childhood behavioral disorders also has an inclined slope, peaking at 1-4 and 15-19 years. Lastly, the curve for alcohol use disorders has an inclined slope with peaks at 20-24 and 30-39 years. This data highlights the burden of these disorders and underscores the importance of addressing and providing support for those affected. Our discussion of abnormal psychology will continue in the next chapter..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing the commonness of mental disorders on slide number 21 out of a total of 47 slides in our presentation on Abnormal Psychology, in the Eighteenth Edition. This particular slide focuses on Chapter 1, which provides an overview of the field and its research approaches. We have learned about the different types of mental disorders and their prevalence in the population. Now, we will explore the role of mental health professionals in the treatment of these disorders. Inpatient treatment involves a team of professionals, including a psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, clinical social worker, and psychiatric nurse, who work together to assist the patient. This intensive approach has been shown to lead to more rapid recovery. Outpatient treatment, on the other hand, involves a smaller team, which may include a psychiatrist, psychologist, and specialized counselor. While less intense, it still provides support and resources for individuals with mental disorders. It is important to note that it takes a team effort to effectively treat mental disorders and assist individuals in their recovery. In the following slides, we will delve into the various treatment approaches and the important role of mental health professionals in the process. Let's move on to the next slide..

[Audio] Today, our lesson will focus on Chapter 1 of the book "Abnormal Psychology Eighteenth Edition" by Hooley and Butcher, specifically on the topic of research approaches in abnormal psychology. Our learning objective is to understand the value of research in this field and how it can be conducted in various settings. Through research, we can gain insights into a disorder's symptoms, prevalence, duration, and accompanying problems. There are two types of duration for a disorder: acute and chronic, and understanding this can help us provide the best care for our patients. Research also helps us uncover the causes, or etiology, of a disorder, which is crucial in finding effective treatments and interventions. It also helps us remove any biases in our perception of a disorder, allowing us to provide unbiased and effective treatment for our patients. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of the benefits of research in abnormal psychology and its role in providing the best care for those struggling with mental health issues. Let's now move on to the next slide to further explore our topic..

[Audio] Today's class will focus on abnormal psychology, specifically chapter 1 which covers an overview and research approaches for understanding mental disorders. Our objective is to describe three different approaches used for gathering information on these disorders. We will be focusing on Learning Objective 1.6. This will help us better understand how we can gather information on mental disorders. One of the approaches we will discuss is case studies, which involve detailed accounts of individual patient behavior based on observations. However, it's important to note that case studies can be biased and have low generalizability. Despite these limitations, they can provide valuable insights into rare conditions and inspire further research. In conclusion, while case studies offer detailed information, we must consider potential biases and remember to approach the topic with an open mind and critical thinking. Thank you for your attention. Let's move on to our next approach as we continue to explore the world of abnormal psychology..

[Audio] Today's lesson will cover the topic of Abnormal Psychology, specifically chapter 1 which provides an overview of the subject and the different research approaches used in this field. Slide number 24 will focus on self-report data, one of the main sources of information in this field. This type of data is collected through interviews or questionnaires, however, it is important to acknowledge that it may not always be accurate due to intentional lies, misunderstandings, or a desire to present oneself in a certain way. As researchers, it is crucial to be aware of these potential biases and account for them in our analysis. Moving on to the next slide, we will discuss other sources of information in abnormal psychology. Thank you and see you in the next slide..

[Audio] We are currently on slide number 25 out of 47 in our presentation on Abnormal Psychology. This chapter focuses on the different research approaches used in this field. Let's take a look at the sources of information used to collect data. Biological variables, such as heart rate, can be measured using advanced methods like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This allows us to see blood flow in different parts of the brain during tasks and how the brain impacts imagination. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is another commonly used technique that stimulates brain tissue and provides insight into its functioning in individuals with psychological disorders. Moving on, observational approaches involve observing individuals without asking for direct input. For example, direct observation records behaviors from trained observers. Additionally, technological methods can also be used to observe biological variables, as mentioned earlier. In conclusion, clinical research in Abnormal Psychology combines observational and self-report methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of psychological disorders. Let's now move on to the next slide..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing Chapter 1 of Abnormal Psychology which provides an overview and research approaches in this field. Slide number 26 shows a fascinating illustration of a man's brain being studied using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, also known as TMS. This method uses a plastic instrument labeled as "Wire coil" to emit a pulsed magnetic field, which is placed on the top of the man's brain on an area labeled as "Simulated brain region". The instrument is held in place by a "Head support" device consisting of two small suction caps attached to a plastic shield. The close-up of the man's face with his chin resting on a "chin support" and the inside view of his brain provides a glimpse of how TMS is used to study the brain and its functions. With this method, researchers can control and manipulate brain activity and examine its effects on various brain regions. TMS has proven to be a valuable tool in understanding the underlying neuroscience behind abnormal psychology. This illustration, from the book "Abnormal Psychology Eighteenth Edition" by Hooley and Butcher, perfectly captures the use of TMS in brain study. Please continue to follow along as we delve deeper into the fascinating world of Abnormal Psychology..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing Chapter 1 of abnormal psychology which provides an overview of the field and its various research approaches. Our focus will be on Slide 27 out of a total of 47 slides. As we know, our working hypotheses are crucial in guiding our study and treatment of different disorders. These hypotheses are formed through efforts to explain, predict, or explore something, often inspired by anecdotal accounts and unique research findings. However, in order to properly test these hypotheses, we must have a control group for comparison. This is necessary to ensure unbiased and accurate research. Without a control group, our results may be skewed and our conclusions may not be valid. The reason a control group is necessary for testing hypotheses is because our goal is to identify the cause of a disorder and develop effective treatments. This requires carefully designing research studies with a control group to compare the effects of different therapies. In other words, our hypotheses greatly influence the therapeutic approaches used to treat a specific clinical problem. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the significance of a control group in our research to ensure reliable and applicable findings. In the following slide, we will delve deeper into the process of forming and testing hypotheses. Please take notes and feel free to ask any questions if needed..

[Audio] This presentation on Abnormal Psychology discusses the overview and research approaches in this field in Chapter 1. We are currently on slide number 28 of 47, which focuses on forming and testing hypotheses. Research is crucial in gaining a better understanding of abnormal behavior. This is the second of three slides covering this topic. One important aspect of conducting research is sampling and generalization. Careful selection of individuals is necessary in order to accurately represent a larger group. It is preferred to study groups rather than individual cases to identify multiple causes of disorders. Sampling involves selecting a subgroup of people that mirrors the larger population, ensuring the results can be applied to the entire population. Large and randomly selected groups are ideal to avoid faulty conclusions, but finding research participants can be challenging. In these situations, researchers may use convenience samples, which may not accurately represent the entire population. This concludes slide 28, and the presentation will move on to the next slide on research approaches..

[Audio] Today in our lesson on abnormal psychology, we will be discussing the importance of internal and external validity in research studies. We have learned that external validity refers to the generalizability of a study's findings beyond the specific sample or population being studied, while internal validity refers to the methodological soundness and lack of biases in a study. Let's take a closer look at two essential types of groups for forming and testing hypotheses. The first is the criterion group, which consists of individuals with the disorder being studied and helps us understand its characteristics and behaviors. The second is the comparison or control group, composed of individuals without the disorder but similar in age, gender, or other factors to the criterion group. These groups allow for meaningful conclusions to be drawn about the disorder. In conclusion, understanding internal and external validity is crucial for conducting reliable research in abnormal psychology. Thank you for your attention and we will further discuss this topic in our next lesson..

[Audio] Today's presentation will focus on Chapter 1 of Abnormal Psychology, specifically the overview and research approaches. We are currently on slide number 30 of 47. Abnormal psychology is the study of mental disorders and abnormal behavior, and understanding and researching these disorders is crucial. Correlational research designs, which involve comparing different groups on various measures without manipulating variables, can provide valuable insights into mental disorders. By comparing individuals with and without a particular disorder, we can gain a better understanding of its effects. As researchers, considering all types of research designs, including correlational ones, is important in gaining a comprehensive understanding of abnormal psychology. In the next slide, we will discuss the advantages and limitations of correlational research designs. This information can help us further our understanding of mental disorders. Thank you..

[Audio] In the field of Abnormal Psychology, research approaches are heavily relied on to understand and address various mental health conditions. A flowchart has been adapted from "Medical Statistics at a Glance" by Petrie & Sabin, published in 2000, to illustrate the process of conducting correlational research, which is a commonly used design in psychology. This flowchart depicts two populations and their corresponding samples, which are then assessed and compared to determine any correlations or patterns. This process is crucial in understanding the factors that contribute to mental health conditions. Another flowchart, Figure 1.4, specifically shows correlational research designs. These visuals are helpful in visualizing and understanding the process of conducting research in Abnormal Psychology. In summary, this slide demonstrates the steps involved in conducting correlational research, an important approach in the study of Abnormal Psychology..

[Audio] We are now on slide number 32 discussing correlational research designs. Correlational research examines the relationship between two variables. It's important to note that correlation does not equal causation, but it can provide valuable insights and help us make predictions. On this slide, we will be discussing how we measure correlation. The strength of a correlation is measured by a correlation coefficient, commonly denoted as "r." This coefficient ranges from 0 to 1 and can be either positive or negative. A positive correlation means that two measures vary together in a direct and corresponding manner, while a negative correlation means that two measures vary inversely. A correlation of zero indicates that the measures do not predict each other at all. Correlation can help us understand the relationship between two variables and make predictions, but it is important to remember that it does not imply causation. Thank you for listening and stay tuned for the rest of our presentation on abnormal psychology..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing the different research approaches used in the study of abnormal psychology. As we move on to slide number 33, we will take a closer look at how various variables can affect weight. On the screen, there are five graphs depicting the correlation between weight and different factors. Each graph has "Weight" on the Y-axis and represents a different variable on the X-axis. The first graph shows a strong positive correlation between weight and calorie intake. A diagonal line with an inclined slope and seven plotted dots demonstrate this relationship. The second graph shows a weak positive correlation between weight and hours of video game playing, with seven dots plotted both above and below the line. The third graph shows a strong negative correlation between weight and time spent exercising, with seven plotted dots and a declined slope on the diagonal line. The fourth graph indicates a weak negative correlation between weight and broccoli consumption, with seven plotted dots and a declined slope on the diagonal line. Lastly, the fifth graph shows no correlation between weight and astrological sign, with scattered dots representing the lack of relationship. These graphs emphasize the importance of considering various factors in the study of abnormal psychology. We hope this presentation has enhanced your understanding of the different research approaches in this field..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing Chapter 1 of Abnormal Psychology, focusing on the overview and research approaches in this field. In particular, we will be looking at Correlational Research Designs on slide 34 out of 47. Correlational research is a type of study that examines the relationship between two variables without manipulating them. In this slide, we will focus on the importance of statistical significance in correlational research. 'p' denotes statistical significance and reflects the probability that the correlation between two variables is not due to chance. It is important to distinguish between statistical and practical significance, where the latter refers to the meaningfulness or importance of the relationship between the variables. The strength of the correlation and sample size impact statistical significance, with a strong correlation and larger sample size resulting in higher significance and vice versa. In conclusion, statistical significance is a crucial consideration in correlational research as it helps determine the extent to which the relationship between variables is not due to chance..

[Audio] In today's lesson, we will focus on chapter 1 of our textbook, "Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches". We are currently on slide number 35, out of 47 slides, which discusses correlational research designs, specifically the fourth out of seven designs. The front cover of our textbook includes the chapter title and the authors, Hooley and Butcher. This edition, the eighteenth edition, highlights the significance and relevance of this topic in the field of psychology. On this slide, we will be looking at the concept of effect size, which is a measure that reflects the strength of the relationship between two variables, regardless of the sample size. An effect size of 0 indicates no association between the variables being studied, and understanding this can help us determine the significance of our findings. This measure can also be used to compare the strength of results across different studies, which is particularly important in the field of abnormal psychology where multiple factors may influence a behavior or disorder. Proper understanding of effect size in correlational research designs is crucial for interpreting and analyzing research studies and making connections between them. This concludes our discussion on correlational research designs, and we will now move on to the next slide. I encourage you to review this information and reflect on its application in our understanding of abnormal psychology..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing slide number 36 in the Abnormal Psychology presentation, which falls under Chapter 1 and focuses on the overview and research approaches in the field of abnormal psychology. This slide will cover Correlational Research Designs, specifically pertaining to Meta-Analysis. Meta-Analysis is a statistical approach that combines the effect sizes from all relevant studies on a specific topic. It is a more effective tool than traditional literature reviews, providing a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the data. By treating each study as a single participant, the results are more reliable. This approach is particularly useful in the field of abnormal psychology, where conflicting or inconclusive findings are common. In summary, Meta-Analysis is a powerful research tool, particularly in abnormal psychology, as it allows for more comprehensive and reliable conclusions based on multiple studies..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing slide number 37 out of 47 in our presentation on Abnormal Psychology. This slide focuses on correlational research designs. As researchers, we often measure the relationship between two variables in order to better understand a phenomenon. This type of research is known as correlational research. However, correlation does not necessarily imply causation. In other words, just because two variables are related does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. This is where the third variable problem comes in. In some cases, there may be an unknown third variable that is responsible for the relationship between the two variables being studied. It is important to keep in mind that correlational studies cannot prove causality, but they can raise important questions for further research. By understanding the relationship between variables, we can develop theories and hypotheses to better understand abnormal psychology. Let's move on to the next slide..

[Audio] Today, we will discuss chapter one in our lecture on abnormal psychology. This chapter provides an overview of the field and the research approaches used to study it. Specifically, we will focus on the different types of correlational research designs on slide number 38. Correlational research is used to examine the relationship between variables. The seventh and final type we will look at is retrospective versus prospective strategies. Retrospective research involves looking back in time, specifically at the patients' previous behavior. This type of research is valuable for understanding the development of disorders and identifying risk factors. On the other hand, prospective research strategies involve looking ahead in time. Researchers focus on high-risk individuals before any disorder manifests, allowing for early interventions and an understanding of the disorder's progression. One example is the longitudinal study, which follows a group of people over time to understand changes and patterns in their behavior and mental health. Ultimately, both retrospective and prospective research strategies are important for understanding abnormal psychology..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing the Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology and specifically, Learning Objective 1.9 which focuses on explaining the key features of an experimental design. Experimental research is a crucial tool in the field of Abnormal Psychology. It allows researchers to draw conclusions about causality and resolve questions of directionality by controlling all factors except the independent variable. By actively manipulating the independent variable and observing how the dependent variable changes, researchers can determine if the dependent variable is a cause of the outcome. In simpler terms, the experimental method helps us understand the cause and effect relationship between different variables in abnormal psychology. Through careful design and control, experiments yield valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of psychological disorders and potential solutions. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge the power of experimental research in understanding abnormal psychology and its underlying causes. Let's now move on to the next slide..

[Audio] In this lesson on abnormal psychology, we will be discussing experimental research designs. On slide number 40, there is a flowchart that outlines the process of conducting an experimental research study. This information is adapted from the book "Medical Statistics at a Glance" by Petrie and Sabin, published in 2000. The first step in this process is to collect samples from a population and assess them at the baseline. Then, participants are randomly assigned to either an administer treatment group or an administer control group. The administer treatment group receives the experimental treatment while the administer control group does not. After the treatment is completed, the responses from both groups are assessed to compare the outcomes. Experimental research designs are crucial for understanding and addressing psychological disorders, as they allow for the evaluation of different treatments and interventions. Please take a moment to review the information on this slide and feel free to ask any questions. Let's continue with our lesson on abnormal psychology..

[Audio] Our presentation on Abnormal Psychology has reached slide number 41 out of 47. Today, we will be discussing the Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology and its use in studying the efficacy of therapy treatment. It is important to make the treated and untreated groups as equivalent as possible. This ensures that any differences in improvement can be attributed to the proposed treatment and not influenced by other factors. In the Experimental Method, a designated group of patients receives the proposed treatment, while a similar group does not. Random assignment is used to ensure the equivalence between the two groups and eliminate potential biases or confounding variables. In this method, the treated group is compared to the untreated group to determine the effectiveness of the proposed treatment. We can also use the standard treatment as a comparison group to see the effectiveness of the proposed treatment. The Experimental Method is an important research approach in Abnormal Psychology, as it allows us to study the efficacy of therapy treatment and draw conclusions about its effectiveness. Random assignment and equivalent groups are crucial in this method..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing the sources of information that researchers use when studying the effectiveness of different treatments for mental disorders. One common method used is the treated and untreated group comparison, where a group is split into those who receive treatment and those who do not. By comparing improvement in both groups, researchers can determine the treatment's effectiveness. It is important for the groups to be as similar as possible, so researchers must carefully select participants and eliminate potential confounding factors. Another method is the standard treatment comparison study, where different treatments are compared in separate but comparable groups. This provides a more detailed analysis. To ensure accurate results, a double-blind study may be used, where neither the subjects nor the experimenters know the control group. This eliminates bias or the placebo effect. Some studies also use placebo treatments to determine the effects of belief in receiving treatment. Through these methods, researchers can determine the effectiveness of various treatments for mental disorders. Thank you for your attention and we will continue in the next slide..

[Audio] We will be discussing the experimental method in abnormal psychology. This method involves using research designs to study and test therapy techniques within a scientific framework. One type of research design is the single-case experimental design. This involves studying the same individual over a period of time and assessing their behavior before and after treatment. It is important to note that when conducting this type of research, it is essential to have both a treated and untreated group for comparison. This helps determine the effectiveness of the treatment. If the treated group shows significantly more improvement than the untreated group, we can have confidence in the treatment's efficacy. To ensure accurate results, it is crucial to make the treated and untreated groups as equivalent as possible. This means controlling for any relevant variables that may affect the outcome of the experiment. In some cases, using a standard treatment as a comparison group may be a viable alternative to having no treatment at all. This can provide a basis for comparison and help to further validate the results of the study. Now, let's take a more in-depth look at single-case experimental designs through an example of the ABAB design. This design involves collecting data and establishing a baseline, introducing the treatment, withdrawing the treatment, and then reinstating the treatment. By using this method, we can see the direct effects of the treatment on the individual's behavior, as well as any changes that occur when the treatment is removed and reinstated. This allows for a clearer understanding of the effectiveness of the treatment. It is vital to have both a treated and untreated group for comparison and to make the groups as equivalent as possible. This concludes our lesson on the experimental method in abnormal psychology..

[Audio] This is Chapter 1 of our Abnormal Psychology presentation. In this section, we will be discussing a specific case study and the treatment used for a certain behavior. Please take a look at slide number 44, also known as Figure 1.7, which shows an ABAB experimental design. This graph, adapted from a study by Rapp et al. (2000), displays the relationship between treatment sessions and hair manipulation. The Y-axis represents the percentage of time spent manipulating one's hair, ranging from 0 to 100 with intervals of 20. The X-axis represents the treatment sessions, ranging from 0 to 40 with intervals of 10. The top of the graph is labeled "Phase" and is divided into four sections: A, B, A, and B. Phases A are referred to as "Baseline" and phases B are referred to as "25-lb weights." The zigzag line with dots represents hair manipulation and it fluctuates between the two axes. This study focuses on the treatment of hair pulling and manipulation, using digital-tactile stimulation. As shown on the graph, there is a clear correlation between the increase in treatment sessions and the decrease in hair manipulation. This supports the effectiveness of this treatment method for individuals struggling with this behavior. The ABAB experimental design provides a clear demonstration of the effectiveness of the treatment and is widely used in the field of abnormal psychology. It gives valuable insights into the effectiveness of various treatments. Please take a moment to review the graph and its details. On the next slide, we will go into more depth about this particular case study..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing the experimental method in abnormal psychology, specifically focusing on animal research. This is the final part of our series on this topic. Animal research can be a valuable tool in studying abnormal psychology, as it allows us to perform studies on animals that we cannot do with humans. However, we must also consider ethical considerations when conducting these studies. As with any research involving human subjects, it is important to ensure the well-being of the animals and treat them with respect. In some cases, we may use analogue studies, where we study an approximation of the item of interest, allowing us to make assumptions and generalize our findings to humans. One example is studying depression, where we may use healthy research participants whom we have induced temporary sadness in, to better understand this disorder. The findings from animal research have also helped us develop the learned helplessness model of depression, which proposes that when individuals feel a lack of control over their environment, it can lead to feelings of helplessness and eventually, depression. It is important to remember that animal research is just one tool in studying abnormal psychology, and it should be used in conjunction with other research methods..

[Audio] We have reached slide number 46 of our presentation on Abnormal Psychology titled "Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches". This chapter discusses unresolved issues in the field, including the increasing categorization of people as mentally ill. The criteria for diagnosing mental disorders have become broader over time, potentially leading to a rise in the number of individuals being labeled as mentally ill. This raises the question of whether this increase is due to a growing awareness and acceptance of mental health or other factors. Another important factor to consider is the financial interests of mental health professionals, as a wider definition of abnormality can lead to a higher demand for mental health services and financial benefits for professionals. This may result in overdiagnosis and overtreatment, causing ethical concerns. Lastly, there is no clear consensus on how broadly abnormality should be defined, with potential consequences of both a narrow and broad definition. As future mental health professionals, it is our responsibility to critically examine and openly discuss these issues and promote ethical and effective practices in the field of abnormal psychology. We now move on to our final slide and conclude our presentation. Thank you for your attention and participation in this discussion..

[Audio] In this presentation on Abnormal Psychology, we have reached the final slide. Before we finish, I would like to discuss the importance of copyright and proper usage of materials. Slide number 47 contains the copyright information for the textbook "Abnormal Psychology Eighteenth Edition" by Hooley and Butcher, which is protected by United States copyright laws and intended for use by instructors in teaching and assessing students' learning. It is crucial that we all understand and respect the significance of proper usage of this material. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work, including on the World Wide Web, is strictly prohibited. Not only does this harm the integrity of the work, it also goes against the copyright laws in place to protect the creators' rights. It is also important to note that this work and its materials should only be made available to students by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. This ensures that the intended pedagogical purposes are being met and that the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials are being respected. As we come to the end of this presentation, I would like to thank you all for your attention and participation. I urge you to be mindful of these copyright restrictions and use the materials responsibly. Thank you and have a great day..