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[image] The Invention of the
World Wide Web

[image] Public and Commercial
Expansion (1990s —
2000s)

APRANET. [image] Rocket with solid fill. 

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photo of outer space. Rocket with solid fill. APRANET. 

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The history of the Internet began as a military project in the late 1960s, driven by the need for a secure and resilient communication system during the Cold War. At the heart of this development was ARPANET, a research project funded by the United States Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Before ARPANET, computers were large and isolated. They couldn’t communicate or share data easily, and transferring files between institutions was laborious, often done physically using tapes or disks. ARPANET was created to solve this. It used an innovative method called packet switching, where data was broken into smaller “packets” that traveled independently across the network and reassembled at the destination. This was far more efficient than traditional circuit-switched communications, like the telephone system. The first successful message sent over ARPANET was between UCLA and Stanford Research Institute on October 29, 1969. They tried to send the word “LOGIN”, but the system crashed after the first two letters – only “LO” was transmitted. Still, it was a historic moment: two distant computers had communicated over a shared network. Over time, more universities and research centers joined ARPANET. This network was the blueprint for today’s Internet, laying the foundation for digital communication as we know it.

DEVELOPMENT OF TCP/IPS. [image] Marker with solid fill. 

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CPU with binary numbers and blueprint. DEVELOPMENT OF TCP/IPS(1970s – 1983). 

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As ARPANET grew, problems arose. Many networks started to emerge, but they used different technologies and protocols, making intercommunication difficult. The solution came in the form of Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – a unified communication method. TCP/IP was developed in the mid-1970s by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, two computer scientists who are now known as the “Fathers of the Internet.” The protocol allowed different types of networks (local, wide-area, satellite, etc.) to link together and communicate as if they were one network. It defined rules for how data should be packaged, addressed, transmitted, and received. This was groundbreaking. With TCP/IP, it was no longer necessary for every computer in a network to follow the same system. Networks could connect and exchange data seamlessly. On January 1, 1983, a major milestone occurred: ARPANET officially switched to TCP/IP, and from that point onward, the collection of linked networks was known as the Internet. The switch made it possible for the growth of an interconnected global network, where any computer, using standard protocols, could connect to any other. TCP/IP remains the backbone of the Internet today.

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The Invention of the World Wide Web (1991). While the internet was a network of computers, it was hard for regular people to use. In 1991, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) while working at CERN. He created the first website, web browser, and web server. The WWW allowed people to access documents and websites using hyperlinks and browsers, making the internet user-friendly and visual.. 

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The Invention of the World Wide Web (1991)

While the internet was a network of computers, it was hard for regular people to use. In 1991, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) while working at CERN. He created the first website, web browser, and web server. The WWW allowed people to access documents and websites using hyperlinks and browsers, making the internet user-friendly and visual.

Public and Commercial Expansion (1990s – 2000s). Bar graph with upward trend with solid fill. 

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Public and Commercial Expansion (1990s – 2000s)

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Bar graph with upward trend with solid fill. Public and Commercial Expansion (1990s – 2000s). 

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During the 1970s and 1980s, many more institutions joined the ARPANET network. Researchers and engineers saw the potential in connecting multiple networks together, not just a single unified one. The biggest challenge was that each new network had its own communication method, making it hard for different systems to talk to each other. This led to the creation of TCP/IP protocols, developed by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. These protocols were designed to standardize how data is packaged, sent, and received across networks. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ensured that data packets were sent and received reliably. IP (Internet Protocol) handled the addressing and routing of these packets to their correct destination. This innovation allowed multiple networks (such as military, academic, and government networks) to be connected into a "network of networks. "The development of TCP/IP was a breakthrough because it made the dream of a global internet possible.

The Internet Becomes Global and Mobile (2000s – Today). 

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The Internet Becomes Global and Mobile (2000s – Today)

[image]. Broadband and Mobile: Faster connections and smartphones made the Internet more accessible. Social Media Rise: Platforms like Facebook (2004), YouTube (2005), and Twitter (2006) transformed global communication. Cloud Computing & Streaming: Services like Netflix, Google Drive, and Spotify changed how we consume media and work.AI and IoT: Internet of Things (smart devices) and Artificial Intelligence are shaping the next era of the Internet. Current Use: Over 5 billion people use the Internet globally for education, commerce, communication, and entertainment.. 

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Broadband and Mobile: Faster connections and smartphones made the Internet more accessible. Social Media Rise: Platforms like Facebook (2004), YouTube (2005), and Twitter (2006) transformed global communication. Cloud Computing & Streaming: Services like Netflix, Google Drive, and Spotify changed how we consume media and work.AI and IoT: Internet of Things (smart devices) and Artificial Intelligence are shaping the next era of the Internet. Current Use: Over 5 billion people use the Internet globally for education, commerce, communication, and entertainment.

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