Hoefnagels_Concepts_5e_Chap01_LecturePPT_Accessible (1)

[Audio] ® Because learning changes everything. Chapter 1 The Scientific Study of Life BIOLOGY: Concepts and Investigations Fifth Edition Mariëlle Hoefnagels © 2021 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill..

[Audio] Biology is the scientific study of life Includes all forms of life, from bacteria to fungus to plants to you. Biology also includes the interactions between different forms of life. There are new discoveries in biology every day. Section 1.1 © McGraw Hill 2.

[Audio] The characteristics of life: All organisms are made of cells Cells are the basic units of life. Every organism, or living individual, consists of one or more cells. Section 1.1 Figure 1.9 Photos: (Bacteria): Science Photo Library/Getty Images; (Archaea): Eye of Science/Science Source; (Protista): Melba Photo Agency/Alamy Stock Photo © McGraw Hill 3.

[Audio] The characteristics of life: All organisms have DNA DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information. It is what is passed on to the next generation. All cells use DNA to produce proteins, which carry out the work that cells do. © McGraw Hill 4.

[Audio] All life shares five characteristics How do we know these lions are alive, and these rocks are not alive? We define "life" in terms of a set of five shared characteristics. Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Bas Vermolen/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 5.

[Audio] All life shares five characteristics: Life is organized Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. Photos: (population): ChrisCrafter/E+/Getty Images; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo Images/Getty Images; (ecosystem): Bas Vermolen/Getty Images; (biosphere): StockTrek/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 6.

[Audio] Life is organized: The matter that makes up life is organized into atoms ATOM The smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance (element). Example: Carbon atom All matter, living and nonliving, is composed of atoms. Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill 7.

[Audio] Life is organized: Atoms are organized into molecules MOLECULE A group of joined atoms. Example: DNA All matter, living and nonliving, is composed of molecules. Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill 8.

[Audio] Life is organized: Molecules are organized into organelles ORGANELLE A membrane-bounded structure that has a specific function within a cell. Example: Chloroplast Some cells, but not all cells, are composed of organelles. Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 9.

[Audio] Life is organized: Organelles are organized into cells CELL The fundamental unit of life. Example: Leaf cell All life is composed of cells, although some cells do not have organelles. Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 10.

[Audio] Life is organized: Cells are organized into tissues TISSUE A collection of specialized cells that function in a coordinated fashion. Example: Epidermis of leaf Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 11.

[Audio] Life is organized: Tissues are organized into organs ORGAN A structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions. Example: Leaf Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 12.

[Audio] Life is organized: Organs are organized into organ systems ORGAN SYSTEM: Organs connected physically or chemically that function together. Example: Aboveground part of a plant Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 13.

[Audio] Life is organized: Organ systems are organized into individual organisms ORGANISM A single living individual. Example: One acacia tree Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 14.

[Audio] What is an individual organism? Some organisms are single-celled, like bacteria and amoebas. This means they are composed of just one cell. Other organisms are multicellular (composed of many cells), like sea sponges, moss, and mushrooms. Still other organisms are composed of tissues, like jellyfish and certain worms. More complex organisms are composed of organs, tissues, and organ systems, such as you, a fish, and this tree. ORGANISM A single living individual. Example: One acacia tree Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill 15.

[Audio] Life is organized: Individual organisms are organized into populations POPULATION A group of the same species of organism living in the same place and time. Example: Multiple acacia trees Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 (population): ChrisCrafter/E+/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 16.

[Audio] Life is organized: Populations are organized into communities COMMUNITY All populations that occupy the same region. Example: All populations in a savanna Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. (population): ChrisCrafter/E+/Getty Images; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo Images/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 17.

[Audio] Life is organized: Communities are organized into ecosystems ECOSYSTEM The living and nonliving components of an area. Example: The savanna Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. (population): ChrisCrafter/E+/Getty Images; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo Images/Getty Images; (ecosystem): Bas Vermolen/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 18.

[Audio] Life is organized: Ecosystems are organized into a biosphere BIOSPHERE The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its atmosphere where life is possible Section 1.1 Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. (population): ChrisCrafter/E+/Getty Images; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo Images/Getty Images; (ecosystem): Bas Vermolen/Getty Images; (biosphere): StockTrek/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 19.

[Audio] Organization leads to emergent properties Emergent properties arise at each level of biological organization. The components interact, and the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Section 1.1 Figure 1.3 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 20.

[Audio] Emergent properties produce life's complexity Example: the interacting brain cells have properties that brain cells alone lack. Properties of the mind such as consciousness and memory "emerge." The brain can do these things only when its cells interact in complex networks Section 1.1 Figure 1.3 © McGraw Hill 21.

[Audio] Clicker question #1 Which of the following statements is false? A. Organs consist of tissues. B. Populations consist of organisms. C. Molecules consist of cells. D. Organisms consist of atoms. E. Organelles consist of molecules. © McGraw Hill 22.

[Audio] Clicker question #2 Which is the best example of emergent properties? A. Wearing glasses gives you better vision. B. Welding metal together makes an office building. C. Wearing clothes keeps you warmer. D. Stacking cups on top of each other makes a plastic pyramid. E. Tying strings together makes a longer string. © McGraw Hill 23.

[Audio] All life shares five characteristics: Life requires energy All life shares five characteristics. Organization Energy Section 1.1 Figure 1.4 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 24.

[Audio] Life requires energy: Primary Producers Primary producers extract energy and nutrients from the nonliving environment. Section 1.1 Figure 1.4 © McGraw Hill 25.

[Audio] Life requires energy: Consumers Consumers obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms. Section 1.1 Figure 1.4 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 26.

[Audio] Life requires energy: Decomposers Heat is lost every time energy is transferred. Decomposers are consumers that obtain nutrients from dead organisms and organic wastes. Section 1.1 Figure 1.4 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 27.

[Audio] All life shares five characteristics: Life requires homeostasis All life shares five characteristics. Organization Energy Internal constancy Section 1.1 Figure 1.5 (a): Kristy-Anne Glubish/Design Pics; (b): John Rowley/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 28.

[Audio] Life requires homeostasis Homeostasis is the process by which a cell or organism maintains internal equilibrium. This thermostat is an analogy for how life maintains internal constancy. It senses a temperature change in the environment and adjusts heat to a constant temperature. Section 1.1 Figure 25.10 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 29.

[Audio] Life requires homeostasis: Many organisms control their body temperature Humans have an internal thermostat that helps maintain temperature homeostasis. This woman shivers when she feels cold, and puts on a jacket. Section 1.1 Figure 1.5 (a): Kristy-Anne Glubish/Design Pics; (b): John Rowley/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 30.

[Audio] Life requires homeostasis: Organisms control their internal chemistry Homeostasis is not just about temperature. This woman feels thirsty, so she drinks water. For example, organisms also fluctuate around their optimal balance of nutrients, sugar, salt, and water. Section 1.1 Figure 1.5 (a): Kristy-Anne Glubish/Design Pics; (b): John Rowley/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 31.

[Audio] All life shares five characteristics: Life requires growth All life shares five characteristics. Organization Energy Internal constancy Reproduction, growth, and development Section 1.1 Figure 1.6 (a): Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; (b): jadranko/Moment/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 32.

[Audio] Life reproduces, grows, and develops: Reproduction can be asexual In asexual reproduction, only one parent is involved and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Asexual reproduction is a successful strategy in unchanging environments. Strawberry plants sometimes reproduce asexually. Each of these plantlets is identical to the parent plant. Section 1.1 Figure 1.6 Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 33.

[Audio] Life reproduces, grows, and develops: Reproduction can be sexual In sexual reproduction, two parents are involved and the offspring are genetically different from the parent. Sexual reproduction is a successful strategy in changing environments, since offspring are unlike either parent Most plants and animals reproduce sexually. These young swans received genetic material from two parents. Section 1.1 Figure 1.6 jadranko/Moment/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 34.

[Audio] Life reproduces, grows, and develops: Organism grow and develop into adults 1 The plantlets and this swan both started as a single cell and have grown and developed into multicellular organisms. Section 1.1 Figure 1.6 (a): Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; (b): jadranko/Moment/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 35.

[Audio] Life reproduces, grows, and develops: Organism grow and develop into adults 2 Growth: an increase in an organism's size, usually by way of cell division Development: changes that occur as an organism matures, including growth, cell specialization, and other processes Section 1.1 © McGraw Hill 36.

[Audio] Clicker question #3 Which of the following statements is true about reproduction? A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation among organisms. B. Sexual reproduction is most successful in unchanging environments. C. Most plants reproduce only asexually. D. Asexual organisms do not actually reproduce. E. None of these is true. © McGraw Hill 37.

[Audio] All life shares 5 characteristics: Life evolves All life shares five characteristics. Organization Energy Internal constancy Reproduction, growth, and development Evolution Section 1.1 Figure 1.8 © McGraw Hill 38.

[Audio] Life evolves: EVOLUTION is genetic change over time in a population The genes in this population of bacteria have changed over time. A new gene, conferring antibiotic resistance, appears in the red bacteria. There are more bacteria with this new gene when antibiotics are present. Section 1.1 Figure 1.8 © McGraw Hill 39.

[Audio] Life evolves: Different organisms have different genes How is it that so many organisms seem perfectly suited to their environment? This pigmy seahorse blends into the coral habitat where it lives, because of its genes. Other seahorses, with different genes, do not blend in as well. Section 1.1 Figure 1.7 Mark Webster/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 40.

[Audio] Life evolves: Some organisms survive and reproduce How is it that so many organisms seem perfectly suited to their environment? This pigmy seahorse is well hidden from predators. It survives, reproduces, and passes along its genes. The offspring have genes that allow them to blend into the environment. Section 1.1 Figure 1.7 Mark Webster/Getty Images © McGraw Hill 41.

[Audio] Life evolves, I: The environment "selects" beneficial adaptations Bacteria reproduce and evolve quickly. Section 1.1 Figure 1.8 © McGraw Hill 42.

[Audio] Life evolves, II: The environment "selects" beneficial adaptations This population has randomly occurring genetic variation. The red cells have a different gene than the green cells, making them resistant to the effects of antibiotics. Section 1.1 Figure 1.8 © McGraw Hill 43.

[Audio] Life evolves, III: The environment "selects" beneficial adaptations Antibiotics kill off most of the bacteria. The resistant bacteria survive (red cells). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are most successful when antibiotics are present. Section 1.1 Figure 1.8 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 44.

[Audio] Is it alive? Check for the five characteristics Organization Energy Internal constancy Reproduction, growth, and development Evolution Section 1.1 © McGraw Hill 45.

[Audio] 1.1 Mastering Concepts Create a concept map to connect the following terms: Reproduction DNA Evolution Cell Molecule Population Mutation © McGraw Hill 46.

[Audio] Scientists use taxonomy to name and classify organisms The tree of life includes three main branches (domains). All forms of life can be broadly categorized as either: Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Section 1.2 Figure 1.9 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill 47.

[Audio] Domains are divided into kingdoms All three domains include one or more kingdoms, or lineages, representing thousands to millions of different species. Section 1.2 Figure 1.9 © McGraw Hill 48.

[Audio] Life's three domains: Bacteria and Archaea Domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of small, prokaryotic and unicellular organisms. Section 1.2 Figure 1.9 Access the text alternative for slide images. (Bacteria): Science Photo Library/Getty Images; (Archaea): Eye of Science/Science Source © McGraw Hill 49.

[Audio] Life's three domains: Eukarya, Protista Protists are the most diverse group of eukaryotes, with multiple lineages, including amoebas, slime molds, algae, and other species. Organisms in Domain Eukarya have larger, more complex cells with nuclei. Section 1.2 Figure 1.9 (Protista): Melba Photo Agency/Alamy Stock Photo © McGraw Hill 50.