History note Unit 4 G10

[Audio] 1 Grade 10 Handout UNIT 4. AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO COLONIALISM & THE STRUGGLE AGAINST COLONIAL RULE 4.1 The African people Resistance against Colonial expansion from 1870s - 1914. African people anti colonial resistance had 3 phases. 1st phase 1970s - 1914 2nd phase 1920s - 1937 3rd phase 1945 - 1970s  Resistance to colonialism began early in the course of European colonial expansion. This military resistance called early resistance.  But all anti colonial resistance, except Ethiopia and Liberia were successfully subdued by colonialists before the outbreak of WWI. I. Samori Toure of Mandinka  Samure Toure emerged as a leader of west African people encompassed present States, - Senegal, South East Mali, and Guinea in 1870s.  He introduced fire arms from the coast enabled to established a large empire.  But he entered conflict with French gov't.  In 1886/87 Samure Toure had to make peaceful arrangement after after a short military encounter.  Finally after a period of resistance French army defeated Samure Toure and exiled at Gabon (French colony) in 1898.  He was die after two year at age 70. II. The Ashanti Empire  The Ashanti empire emerged as a nation in the late 17thC and build a strong empire. In the place of present day Ghana.  The empire governed by kings the title called Asantehene.  In 1874 British established Gold Cost colony near Ashanti empire.  In 1900 the Ashanti people resistance fought against the British.  Paid immense sacrifice, but unable to defend British colonialism.  British Gold coast colony founded in 1900 Shaped the present map of Ghana..

[Audio] 2 III. The Urabi Pasha Rebellion in Egypt.  The opening of Suiz Cannal in 1869 by joint French and Britain.  European powers were attracted to this vital water way.  In the case of Britain, Egypt become strategically important territory as a gate way to India. This why Britain wanted to control Egypt.  Until 1882, Egypt become under the control of Dual rule by Britain and France.  Their domination over Egyptian administration resulted in a nationalist uprising against them under the leadership of colonial Urabi Pasha in 1881.  The nationalist also against the pupet ruler of Egypt, Khedive Ismail.  The Egyptian uprising or revolt was crushed.  Finally after a bloody war at the battle of Tel-El Kabir by thr British force.  Then in 1882 Egypt become British colony.  It become a bitter cause of conflict between British and French colonial interest over Egypt.  On the other side after controlling Egypt, British moved to Sudan. IV. Mahdist Resistance in Sudan  Sudan was administered by Egypt since 1820s.  But Mahdist under Mohammad Ahmed Ibn Abdalah defeated Genaral Gordon. (British colonial governor) But he was killed and beheaded by Mahadist.  In addition some of Egyptian army in the east Sudan subsequently trapped.  According to Hewett Treaty, Yohannis help Egyptian army to safe evacuation. Then Sudan achieved it's independence ubder Mahdist (1881-98)  But the joint Egyptian and British force under command of General Kitchener invaded Sudan in 1898 at the battle of Omdurman.  Mahadist resistance led by Khalifia Abdulahi  The Anglo-Egyptian condominium rule was set up in Sudan. V. The Maji Maji Rebellion.  In 1885 Sultan of Zanzibar leased the coast to the German East African Company for 50 years.  On feb. 1885 German declared Tanganyika as her protectorate rule.  One of the early resistance was under Bushari Ibn Yasin Salim ( Arab sugar planter) against German.  But he was defeated and killed in 1889.  In 1905 the great Rebellion broke out in Southern Tanganyika.  The revolt was peasant based movement which was called the Maji Maji rebellion.  The term Maji means water in Swahili language.  It was against forced labour on cotton plantation as well as the oppressive colonial.

[Audio] 3 policy of the German.  It was a religious dimensions.  They claimed that German bullet could be made ineffective when the warriors sprinkle their bodies with Màji water.  However the German crushed the rebellion in 1907 and continued their harsh colonial rule upto their defeat in WWI. 4.2 World War I. (1914 - 1918) Cause Of The First World War I. Military Alliance  1.Triple Alliance  In 1879 German and Austro Hungary entered into a formal alliance and agreed to defense each other in time of war known as Dual Alliance.  In 1882 Italy agreed to a defensive military alliance with Germany and Austo-Hungary became known as Triple Alliance.  Bismarck also able to bring German and Russia together in 1887 reinsurance Treaty. B/c he want to isolated France from any alliance.  2. Triple Entente  Including France, Russia and England.  The main aims of France was to revenge Germany for the terrible defeat of 1870/71 in Franco-Prussian war and lost her territory.  Then 1894 France and Russia make alliance to defend each other.  In 1907 Britain entered into alliance with France and Russia, know as Entente power.  More than 20 countries including USA, Japan, Union of South Africa and Romania....... Joined the entete power and become known as Allied power.  The division of Europe into two rival power military camps leds to the world into war. II. Nationalism  In 20thC. Nationalism causing suspension and jealously b/n nations.  A. French nationalism, French citizens in Alsace and Lorraine.  B. Serbia wanted Austro-Hungarian territory inhabited by Yugoslav people.  C. Balkan nationalism.

[Audio] 4 III. Imperialism  Nationalist feeling and economic demand lead many European nation to practice imperialism.  The rise of industrialism in Europe had increased the wealth and power of European nation.  Due to this d/t European nation searching raw material and began established colonies in Africa and Asia.  Later they entered to war to control d/t parts of the world. IV. Militarism  European powers were engaged in arms race .  Germany had increasingly built her industrial and military power since 1871.  Between 1898 & 1914 German built a Naval power that able to challenge British Naval supremacy.  In 1906 Britain launched the 1st of a new kind of super battleship called H.M.S.  Generally mutual suspicion and fear of one another reigned among the nation of Europe. V. Crisis preceding the war  The rival alliance confronted each other in a serious of diplomatic clashes. 1. Moroccan Crisis of 1905  German challenged the France sphere of influence in Morocco  The German Kaiser visited Morocco and pledged his support for the countries independence.  Then France and Morocco meet in Algeciras conference  A. reaffirmed the independence of Morocco.  B. recognized France special interest in the country. 2.Moroccan Crisis of 1911  German challenged France's attempted to convert Morocco into a protectorate.  German withdrew her objections to a French protectorate over Morocco in exchange for a small area of the French Congo. 3. Balkan Crisis of 1912 & 1913  In 1912 the 1st Balkan war broke out.  Caused by to drove out Turkish domination over Balkan states since 15thC.  Balkan States such as, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Herzegovina etc..

[Audio] 5  Then the Balkan states defeat Ottoman Turkey and become independence.  2nd Balkan war 1913  In 1913 second Balkan war broke out the Balkan States fighting among themselves over the exact boundaries of their new acquisitions.  Serbia growing in power and prestige was more than over determine to unite the slaves. Immediate Cause of the War  On june 28,1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated at Sarajevo (Bosnia)  The assassin was a Serbian nationalist named Gabriello Princip a member of the Black Hand Organization. ( The black hand Serbian society formed to free from Australian domination)  Austria asked for German help and obtained from Germany a promise of unconditional support that become known as Black check.  Following to this Austria sent an ultimatum on june 23/1914 to Serbia.  But the Serbs believed that they would be support by Russia and they refused to accept the ultimatum.  Because Russia kinship with Serbs (slave people & economic benefit)  Following to Russia military mobilization over Balkan region, German sent ultimatum to France and Russia to stop war preparation. & France to neutral.  On August 1/1914 German declare war over Russia and August 3/1914 over France.  Then Britain fear her security after invading Belgium and declare war over German on August 4/1914. Course of the War  The war had two fronts. I. Western Front Schlifen Plan,  Design by Alfred Von Schilifen, - to attack France through Belgium and occupy Paris within 6 (six) weeks in a swinging door operations. - then to turn east against the Russian whom they contemptuously assumed to mobilize slowly.  But the plan was failed, B/c - Britain sent her army to kept Belgium - Russia began invaded in the North Poland. - France organized resistance against German under Marshal Joseph Joffre..