Historical & Correlational Research

Historical & Correlational Research. By: STA. MARIA, EDRRHYLL ALLEN TRIMOR , JOSHA PANGANIBAN VICTOR, MA. MIKAELA YLAGAN, NINO YU, GINGER ROSE ZAMORA, GEM IVAN.

Research. Historical.

Definition. Historical research is a qualitative technique. It studies the meaning of past events in an attempt to interpret the facts and explain the cause of events, and their effect in the present events..

Dependent on Primary Historical Data. Direct Accounts of Events.

Description. External Critism. Internal Critism. verification of genuineness or validity of the source.

Description. Historical research has time and place dimensions. Simple chronology is not considered historical research because it does not interpret the meaning of events. It is used to compare records of historical events and the activities surrounding them. It helps to organize historical events sequentially, and to preserve historical data so it doesn’t get lost..

1950’s. 1960’s – 1980’s. 1970’s. Historical sociology was accepted during the.

History. Weber developed early historical research with his comparisons of religious and economic systems around the world, e.g. he studied the cultural differences between China and Western Europe, compared religions such as Hinduism and Ancient Judaism..

Advantages & Strengths. Permits the investigation of topics that could be studied in no other way It could provide rich source of information.

Advantages & Strengths. The researchers do not interact with the subjects of study Analysis of historical data may help explain current and future events.

Disadvantages & Weaknesses. Historical research is a complex and broad category because the topics of research are affected by numerous factors that need to be considered and analyzed. It is mandatory to weigh not only the report itself, but also the theoretical frame of the analyst. Historical data is incomplete and vulnerable to time and can also be biased and corrupt.

Disadvantages & Weaknesses. History is an interpretive enterprise, so that any one particular study on a topic is no doubt one point of view on that topic. Multiple histories of one topic are probably needed for a full-orbed account of that topic.

Examples in Informatics. Expedition of Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto who discovered the Mississippi river.

Examples in Informatics. Others have studied the historical progression of societies, e.g. Karl Marx observed the historical progression of economic systems from primitive to feudal, and then to capitalism. Other examples would include the study of historical events like wars, revolutions, etc..

Research. Correlational.

Definition. Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research method in which a researcher measures two variables, understands and assesses the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable..

In terms of market research, a correlational study is generally used to study quantitative data and identify whether any patterns, trends, or insights exist between consumer behaviour and market variables such as; advertisements, discounts, as well as discounts on products..

Characteristics of Correlational Research. Non-experimental It means that researchers need to not manipulate variables with a scientific methodology to either agree or disagree with a hypothesis. The researcher only measures and observes the relationship between the variables, without altering them or subjecting them to external conditioning. Backward-looking It only looks back at historical data and observes events in the past. Researchers use it to measure and spot historical patterns between two variables..

Characteristics of Correlational Research. Dynamic The patterns between two variables from correlational research are never constant and are always changing. Two variables having a negative correlation in the past can have a positive correlation relationship in the future due to various factors..

Example of Correlational Research. Correlation Coefficient It shows the correlation between two variables, a value measured between -1 and +1. When the correlation coefficient is close to +1, there is a positive correlation between the two variables. If the value is close to -1, there is a negative correlation between the two variables. When the value is close to zero, then there is no relationship between the two variables..

~ An example to understand correlational research. Consider hypothetically; a researcher is studying a correlation between cancer and marriage. In this study, there are two variables: disease and marriage. Let us say marriage has a negative association with cancer. This means that married people are less likely to develop cancer..

Types of Correlational Research Outputs. A positive correlation indicates that there is a positive relationship between the two variables. In this kind of relation, as one variable increases, the other variable also increases..

Types of Correlational Research Outputs. Zero correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables. A change in one variable does not lead to any changes in the other variable..

Advantages & Strengths. Help researchers determine the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. The results from correlational research are easier to interpret, cost-effective more applicable. It offers a beneficial starting position for a research..

Disadvantages & Weaknesses. Correlational studies don’t have the scope to imply causation. They only give us information about the association between two variables. Researcher cannot control the levels or degrees of variables. Less well suited to exploring the setting or phenomenon in depth.

Disadvantages & Weaknesses. It is not useful when researchers want to see the isolated effects of one variable on another Researcher cannot control the levels or degrees of variables. Correlational research cannot establish causality.

References:. Deflem , M. (2007). Comparative and historical sociology: lecture notes. http://www.cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/zcomphistnotes.html Ferrarotti , F. (1997). The relation between history and sociology: synthesis or conflict? International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 34(1):1-16. Gay, L., Mills, G., and Airasian , P. (2006). Educational research: competencies for analysis and application, 398-411. Leedy , P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research: planning and design (8th Edition.). Mouzelis , N. (1994). In defense of 'grand' historical sociology. British Journal of Sociology, 45(1):31-36. Skocpol, Th., and Somers, M. (1980). The uses of comparative history in macrosocial inquiry. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22(2):174-197.

References:. Rana, A. (2021, October 22). Correlational Research. Voxco . https://www.voxco.com/blog/correlational-research/ Fleetwood, D. (2021, October 12). Correlational Research: Definition with Examples. QuestionPro . https://www.questionpro.com/blog/correlational-research/.