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SENCE ORGANS :-NOSE,SKIN,TONGUE. PRESENTED BY MISS. MAYURI.D.ANDADE MISS.AARTI.R.KSHIRSAGAR MISS.AKANKSHA.JADHAV.

Introduction. Sense Organs have special recepters that allows us to smell, taste ,see ,hear ,and maintain equilibrium or balance Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostalsis The organs used for these functions are eye ,ear ,nose ,tongue and skin Besides of eyes , ears ,nose , and taste buds ,millions of sence organs are located throughout the body in skin ,internal organs and muscles Many receptors allows us to respond to the internal stimuli . The receptors are located at the tip of dendrites of sensory neurons.

Nose. Nose is the organ Responsible for sence of smell The cavity of nose is lined with Mucuse Membranes that have smell receptors connected to olfactory nerve The smell Themselve consist of vapours of various substancec.the smell receptors interact with various molecules of this vapours and transmits the sensation to the brain The sence of smell sometimes temporarily lost when aperson has acold Dog’s have sence of smell that is more sensitive than that of humans The nasal root is the top of nose forming an indentation at the sutures where the nasal bone meet the frontal bone The anterior nasal spine is the thin projection of bone at the midline of the lower nasal margins holding the cartilaginous Center of the nose Adult humans has nasal hairs in the anterior nasal passage.

Continued……….. The visible part of human nose that is protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum , which consists of only cartilage and which separates the nostrils.

structure. Bone : it supports the bridge of nose Cartilage : the upper cartilage provides support to the sides of nose . The lower cartilage adds width and height to the nose . It provides shape to the nostrils and nose tip Nasal cavity : it is the hollow space through which the air flows Septum : the septum divides the inside of the nose into two chambers . It is a thin wall made of bones and cartilage Mucus membrane : the mucus membrane lines the nose , sinuses and throat . It moistens and warms the air we breath in . It also forms a sticky mucus that prevents dust and other small particles into the nose Turbinate's: each side of the nose contains curved turbinate's , and a bony ridges are lined with mucus membrane Sinuses: the bone around the nose contain hollow , air-filled chamber known as sinuses . The mucus flows into the nasal cavity from the sinuses.

The external nose. The external nose has two epithelial orifices called the naris (nostril) The nostrils are separated from each other by the nasal septum. The lateral margin ala nasi is rounded and mobile The framework of external nose is made up of the nasal bones The frontal processes of the maxillae and the nasal part of the frontal bone.

The Olfactory System.

Diseases. Allergic rhinitis - an inflammation in the membranous lining of the nose Cerebral spinal fluid leaks Chronic sinusitis with polyps - on inflammation of the sinuses that lasts more than 12 weeks and is associated with nasal polyps Chronic sinusitis without polyps Fungal sinusitis – include allergic fungal sinusitis and fungal ball plus acute or chronic invasive fungal sinusitis Inverting papilloma- tumors that formed inside the nose Nasal fractures Nosebleed Triad asthma – an clinical syndrome defined by three conditions that exists together; asthma , aspirin sensitivity , and nasal polyps.

skin. skin protects our body from germs and regulates body temperature Nerves in the skin helps you feel sensations like hot and cold Skin , along with nails , oil glands , and sweat glands is part of the integumentary system Three layer of tissues make up the skin : Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous.

Skin layers. The epidermis :-- the skin we can see is called epidermis . This protects the more delicate inner layers . The epidermis is made up of several sheets of cell’s . The epidermis also contains melanin , pigment that gives skin its color The dermis :- under the epidermis is the dermis . This is made up of elastic fibers (elastin) for suppleness and protein fibers (collagen) for strength . The dermis contain sweat gland , sebaceous glands , hair follicles , blood vessels , and nerves The subcutis :- the subcutaneous is the layer of fat that sits immediately under the dermis . It provides thermal insulation and mechanical protection . It gives smoothness and contour to our body adipose fats stored in the subcutis is a source of energy.

the integumentary system of skin. The integumentary system composed of the skin , hair , oil , and sweat glands , nails and sensory receptors The integumentary system helps in maintain a constant body temperature , protects the body , and provides sensory information about the surrounding environment Of all the body organs , non is more inspected or more exposed to infection , disease , and injury than the skin Because of its visibility , skin reflects our emotions (frowning, blushing ) and some aspects of normal physiology (such as sweating) Abnormal skin eruptions or rashes such as chickenpox , cold sores , or measles may reveal systematic infections or disease of internal organs.

Gland’s and blood vessel’s in the skin. The dermis is well supplied with blood vessels . In hot weather or after exercise , these blood vessels expand ,bringing body heat to the skin surface . Perspiration floods out of sweat glands and evaporates from the skin, taking the heat along with it If the temperature is cold , these blood vessels is the dermis contact , which helps to cut down on heat loss. Sebaceous gland in the dermis secrete sebum to lubricate the skin.

Components of integumentary system. Hair shaft Arrector pili Hair follicle Sebaceous (Oil) gland Hair root Hair follicle Adipose tissue Sensory nerve fiber Pore Of sweat gland duct Epidermis Dermis Eccrine sweat Pacinian corpuscle Cutaneous vascular plexus.

functions. protection : skin act as a protective barrier ,as it form a waterproof layer (karetonised epithelium) ,prevents dehydration ,protect the deeper and delicate structure , protects from harmful chemicals and radiations Defense : invasion by microorganisms , epidermis contains langerlans (microphage)cells Sensation : sensory nerve endings in the dermis ( enables perception, discrimination , & location of internal and external stimuli ) Biochemical function : in sunlight 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to vitamin D , skin also contains receptors for other steroid hormones Thermoregulation : maintain a constant temperature of 37 °C , to maintain these temperature regulating centre is present in hypothalamus this centre responds to temperature changing by sending nerve impulse to arterioles in the dermis.

The sense of touch.

Skin disease’s. Conversion disorder : a somatic symptom disorder involving an actual loss of bodily function such as blindness , paralysis or numbness due to excessive anxiety Illness anxiety disorder : a somatic symptom disorder involving persistent and excessive worry about developing a serious illness . This disorder has recently been revived and expanded into three different classifications Body dimorphic disorder : the afflicted individual is concerned with the body image and is excessively concerned about and preoccupied with a perceived defect in his or her physical appearance Pain disorder : chronic pain experienced by a patient in one or more areas that is thought to be caused by psychological stress . The pain is often so sever that it prevents proper body function . Duration may be as short as a few days or as long a many years Undifferentiated somatic symptom disorder : only one unexplained symptom is required for at least 6 months.

Tongue. The tongue is a muscular Organ for sense of taste. The tongue has various receptors which can detect whether the item consumed is salty , sweet , bitter or sour the tongue is covered with moist pink tissues called mucosa Tiny bumps called papillae give the tongue its rough texture, thousands of taste buds cover the surface of papillae The four common tastes are sweet , sour , bitter and salty. The fifth taste umami result from testing glutamate It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.

Structure. The human tongue is divided into two parts , an oral part at the front and a pharyngeal part of the back The left and right side are also separated along almost of its length by a vertical section of fibrous tissue ( the lingual septum ) that results in a groove , the median sulcus , on the tongue’s surface Root : back third of the tongue , it is relatively fixed in place Body : it is extremely mobile and serves multiple functions Apex : this is the tip of tongue , it is also extremely mobile Dorsum : this is the curved upper surface towards the back It has a V- Shaped groove on it called the terminal sulcus Inferior surface : important for the ability to visualize veins that allow the rapid absorption of specific medications.

CONTINUED……….. Like sublingual tablet , film , patch Lingual papillae : (singular papillae ) are the small , nipple – like structures on the upper surface of the tongue that gives it its characteristic rough texture Circumvallated papillae Falate papillae Filiform papillae.

Taste. Tongue is the sensory organ responsible for taste . Tongue is covered with buds called taste buds or papilli , sweet ,salty , bitter , sour and umami are the basic tastes taste buds for sweet are located at the tip of the tongue ,the salt buds are on the either sides , and the bitter taste buds are on the centre of the back of the tongue the umami are in the middle of the tongue , the sour buds are on the either sides of the lower part of the tongue.

Gustatory system s.

Muscles of tongue. Intrinsic muscles Superior longitudinal Vertical Extrinsic muscle styoglossus Hypoglossus Inferior longitudinal transverse Genioglossus palatoglossus.

Glands the tongue consists of small and scattered glands these glands are of three types: Mucous glands Serous glands Lymph glands Nerve supply the glossopharyngeal nerve and the chorda typanic branch of the facial nerve are responsible for the taste sensation . The sensation of pain , touch , temperature are carried by trigeminal nerve.

function. Mastication : the tongue helps in chewing Deglutition : it helps in swallowing food Speech : it is an important organ that facilitates speech Taste : the tongue transmits taste signals to the brain and helps in sensing taste Secretion : it secretes mucus and serous fluid which keeps the mouth moist.

Salivary gland. Salivary gland comprises three parts : Perotid : it opens in the inferior surface of the neck by the duct of the stensen . It is located opposite the upper molar tooth Submaxillary : it opens by Wharton's duct on the floor of mouth by the side of the frenulun of the tongue Sublingual : it opens by the duct of rivinus on the floor of the mouth by the side of frenulum of the tongue.

diseases. Thrush : Candida albicans (a yeast ) grows over the surface of the mouth and tongue . Thrush can occur almost in anyone, but it occurs more often in people taking steroid or with suppressed immune system , the very young and the elderly Oral cancer : a growth or alcer appears on the tongue and grows steadily . Oral cancer is more common in people who smoke and drink alcohol heavily Geographic tongue : ridges and colored spots migrate over the surface of the tongue , periodically changing its appearance . Geographic tongue is a harmless condition Burning tongue syndrome : a relatively common problem . A tongue feels burned and scalded or strange tastes of sensation develops Atrophic glossitis : the tongue looses its bumpy texture , become smooth sometimes this is due to anemia or a B vitamin deficiency Oral leukoplakia : white patches appears on the tongue that cant be scraped off. Leukoplakia maybe beginning or it can be progress to oral cancer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DR. SHIVAJIRAO S. JONDHLE President DR. GEETA KHARE Secretary DR. NITIN C. MOHIRE Principal.

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