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May be an image of Merlina Lautrizo and hair

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Who are the Key figures in  the revolution?

How did the revolution advance  modern science and scientific thinking  at that time?

What is Intellectual Revolution  all about?

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African revolution  have been overshadowed by the more comprehensive revolutions in  Asia  and the  Middle East  which hit at the life line of the major warring powers so the self-activity of masses in far-off African hardly rated space in the press.

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Charles de Gaulle  led the Free French forces in resisting capitulation to Germany during World War II and became provisional president of France in the immediate aftermath of the war.

De  Gualle   “Have hope for the future”

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Ahmed Sekou  Toure  was a Guinean politician who played a key role in the African independence movement. As the first president of Guinea, he led his country to gain its independence from France in 1958. He was known as a charismatic and radical figure in Africa's post-colonial history.

Sekou  Toure   ‘ 'Guinea prefers poverty in  freedom than riches in slavery.''

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Guinea became the first independent French-speaking state in Africa and it was the only country which did not accept the proposal of the French president.

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PAUL KRUGER (10 October 1825 – 14 July 1904) affectionately known as  Oom  Paul (Uncle Paul) was State President of the South African Republic (Transvaal). He gained international renown as the face of Boer resistance against the British during the South African or Second Boer War (1899-1902). The Kruger National Park is named after him, as is the Krugerrand coin.

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OLIVER TAMBO   (27 October 1917 - 24 April 1993) was a South African anti-apartheid politician and a central figure in the African National Congress (ANC). Tambo, along with Mandela and Walter Sisulu, was a founding member of the ANC Youth League in 1943, becoming its first National Secretary and later a member of the National Executive in 1948

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NELSON MANDELA  (born 18 March 1936) South African statesman, president 1994–99. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 as an activist for the African National Congress (ANC), released in 1990. As leader of the ANC, he engaged in talks on the introduction of majority rule with President F. W. de Klerk. He became the country's first democratically elected president in 1994, serving until 1999. Nobel Peace Prize (1993, shared with F. W. de Klerk)

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ARCHBISHOP DESMOND TUTU (born 7 October 1931), South African Anglican clergyman. As general secretary of the South African Council of Churches from 1979 until 1984, he became a leading voice in the struggle against apartheid. He was archbishop of Cape Town 1986–96. Nobel Peace Prize (1984).

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WINNIE MADIKIZELA-MANDELA (born  Nomzamo Winifred  Zanyiwe   Madikizela ; 26 September 1936 – 2 April 2018), was a South African  anti-apartheid activist  and politician, and the second wife of  Nelson Mandela . She served as a  Member of Parliament  from 1994 to 2003 and from 2009 until her death and was a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of the  African National Congress  (ANC) political party, she served on the ANC's  National Executive Committee  and headed its  Women's League .  Madikizela -Mandela was known to her supporters as the "Mother of the Nation"

Winnie Mandela - Quotes, Death &amp; Facts - Biography

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African leaders have pledged to devote more resources to the development of science and technology, an area deemed vital for economic development, yet long neglected and poorly funded in many countries.

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Declaring 2007 the year of science and technology, the leaders, who met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, agreed to a series of other initiatives. These included establishing a pan-African intellectual property organization to help protect indigenous innovations and starting on a 20-year strategy to promote cooperation among states on research in biotechnology.

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The plan “visualizes the possibility of an Africa that is free of poverty and well integrated into the global economy,” says South African Science and Technology Minister  Mosibudi  Mangena.

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Sub-Saharan Africa contributes about 2.3 per cent of world gross domestic product but is responsible for only 0.4 per cent of global expenditure in research and development (R&D). With 13.4 per cent of the world’s population, the continent is home to only 1.1 per cent of the world’s scientific researchers. It has about one scientist or engineer per 10,000 people, compared with 20–50 in industrial nations.

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While the first stage of the African revolution was thus stifled at birth, the Communists did play at anti-colonialism and in 1949 participated in the  Rassemblement   Democratique   Africain  (African Democratic Rally-RDA).  Thus even before the African Revolution got unfolded, signs were evident among the African intellectuals that industrialization now meant capitalism, although these intellectuals knew how to guild this capitalism as “socialism.”

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The biggest of all traps to stifle the African revolution is the trap of “non-violent revolution,” whatever that might mean. Non-violence has little to do with the realities of the African Revolution where it meets the armed counter-revolution, as in Kenya and in Algeria, or the entrenched armed rulers in racist South Africa.

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