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Group 11 Gamage H.G.S.D Gunasekara  N.S Chandrathilake  C.P.K Gunawardhana  U.H.G.B.K.S Gunawardhana  U.H.G.V.L

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Marker assisted recurrent selection ( MARS )

The application of molecular markers in combination with linkage maps & genomics To alter & improve plant/animal traits on the basis of genotypic assays

Genome-Wide selection/ Genomic selection ( GWS )

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The simultaneous selection for many markers, which cover the entire genome in a dense manner Genotypic data across the genome are used to predict complex traits with accuracy

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Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) New methods to efficiently genotype large number of SNP markers.

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To assemble the training population for individuals for which both genotypes and phenotypes are available.

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A predicted breeding value Used for the selection of desirable individuals in the breeding phase. To predict the significant relationship between the phenotype & genotype;       genome-wide genotypes are investigated in the       training phase Formulae of GEBV

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SNP effect (high throughput marker technologies)

Discover and development of large number of SNPs by genome sequencing  Estimate the breeding value from genomic data to calculate the conditional mean of the breeding value given the genotype at each QTL The conditional mean can only be calculated by using prior distribution of QTL effect Use the marker genotypes instead of the QTL genotypes

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Large-scale empirical studies are not available in public sectors for plant breeding

Accuracies provided by GS were greater than might be achieved on the basis of pedigree information alone

GS was superior to MARS and PS in terms of gain per unit cost and time

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GS would be a potential method for plant breeding and it could be performed with realistic sizes of populations and markers when the populations used are carefully chosen.                                           ( Nakaya  and  Isobe , 2012).

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Produce greater gains per unit time than phenotypic selection (higher rate of genetic grain).

Effective tool for improving the efficiency of rice breeding

Allow breeders to select parents from hybridization programs from along those lines that have not been evaluate in the target environment

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Not popular in plant breeding community due to insufficient evidence for practical usefulness

Not still proven or tested as GS is a new technique

Need to genotype a sufficiently large set of animals for accurate GEBV

The need for genotyping of a large number of marker loci in every generation of selection adds considerably to cost (a costly technique)

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The accuracy & cost effectiveness must be evaluated in practical breeding programs

Should develop an easy formulae for GEBVs

User-friendly software packages for GS analysis should be developed.

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A new approach for improving quantitative traits in large plant breeding populations

An attempt to increase the accuracy of the prediction of breeding and genotypic values

Genomic Selection (GWS)

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