LUNG CANCER

[Audio] Lung cancer (bronchogenic carcinomas) is a malignant tumour that poses a great threat to human life and health. Its morbidity and mortality rate ranks first among malignant tumours in the world, and the morbidity and mortality rates are still on the rise.

Content outline. Introduction Lung cancer etiology Lung cancer epidemiology Lung cancer incidence and prevalence The vulnerable population Intervention strategies References Group members.

Introduction. Lung cancer (bronchogenic carcinomas) is a malignant tumour that poses a great threat to human life and health. Its morbidity and mortality rate ranks first among malignant tumours in the world, and the morbidity and mortality rates are still on the rise [1]. Lung cancer usually begins in the lungs and spreads to different parts of the body (CDC,2020). Neoplasms of the lungs are the major cause of cancer incidence and death worldwide (Fitzmaurice et al., 2019).

Introduction Cont’d. + An estimated 2 million cases of lung cancer are diagnosed yearly, and 1.8 million people die from it, making it the primary cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide (WHO, 2022) . + Tobacco smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the world , up to 90% of occurrences of lung cancer are attributable to tobacco use, and it is anticipated that continuous usage would increase the incidence of cancer worldwide, particularly in developing countries like China, Russia, and India (Chaitanya Thandra et al., 2021) . + Children and spouses have also been linked to second-hand smoke. The risk of developing lung cancer has also been linked in a dose-dependent manner to exposure to second-hand smoke. Due to cigarette filters on the user end, certain carcinogens in second-hand smoke are absorbed in higher amounts than by the smoker; for example, exposure to benzopyrene is four times larger..

Etiology of lung cancer. The specific pathogenesis of lung cancer has not yet been fully understood, but the risk factors that induce lung cancer have gradually become clear. A number of studies have shown that the etiological factors of lung cancer has become more complex along with industrialization, urbanization, and environmental pollution around the world. Factors such as continued smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke, Radon, air pollution, diet, occupational carcinogens, and genetics can increase the risk of lung cancer [2,3,6].

[Audio] Sir William Richard Shaboe Doll CH OBE FRS (28 October 1912 – 24 July 2005)[1] was a British physician who became an epidemiologist in the mid-20th century and made important contributions to that discipline. He was a pioneer in research linking smoking to health problems. With Ernst Wynder, Bradford Hill and Evarts Graham, he was credited with being the first to prove that smoking increased the risk of lung cancer and heart disease. (German studies had suggested a link as early as the 1920s but were forgotten or ignored until the 1990s.

Lung cancer incidence and prevalence(Global burden significance).

Lung cancer incidence and prevalence (Global burden significance) Cont’d.

Lung cancer incidence and prevalence (Global burden significance) Cont’d.

The vulnerable population. Lung cancer is most common in men, but in the last few years it has also become more common in women. Though smokers are at the highest risk of developing lung cancer, older people are also at risk of developing the condition (NHS, 2019) . With age, people become weaker physically and more susceptible to chronic diseases like cancer. Age-related disorders like cancer may have a pathogenesis that is influenced by biological mechanisms that regulate aging..

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;RESPONSE PLAN. To strengthen national efforts to address the burden of cancer and other non communicable diseases (NCDs), the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020 provides a road map to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by 2025 through targeting many of the risk factors..

Intervention strategies. About 30-50% of all cancer cases are preventable (WHO, 2019 ) . The most cause-effective long-term approach to cancer control is prevention (WHO, 2019 ) . As smoking still remains the main cause of lung cancer, efforts and strategies to prevent the disease centre on the ceasation and avoidance of tobacco use (Bade and Dela Cruz, 2020) . Other strategies such as encouraging healthy meal choices and staying physically fit are also effective in preventing the disease (Bade and Dela Cruz, 2020) ..

Intervention strategies Cont’d. According to the CDC (2019), communities can play a significant role in assisting individuals in reducing their risk of developing lung cancer by utilizing these evidence-based strategies: Limit the availability of tobacco and e-cigarettes to minors. Assist smokers to stop tobacco use Assist people in avoiding passive smoking Lessen people’s exposure to radon. Encourage people to undergo recommended lung cancer screenings..

Intervention strategies Cont’d: Prevention/Campaigns against smoking.

Intervention strategies Cont’d: Detection/Diagnosis.

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Group members. John Kumah -100638428 Emmanuel Olauluwa Ademola - 100630247 Tolulope Ajayi - 100629114 Toyin Felicia Akindele - 100634238 Freeborn Eguabor - 100615934 Titilope Adeyemi Obakpolor - 100618126 Olakunle Oluwaseyi Odesanya - 100633629 Arawande Seun Uzoechi - 100624358 Osedabamen Godiva Atebata - 100619956.