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The field of geographic information systems (GIS) started in the 1960s as computers and early concepts of quantitative and computational geography emerged. Early GIS work included important research by the academic community. Later, the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, led by Michael Goodchild, formalized research on key geographic information science topics such as spatial analysis and visualization. These efforts fueled a quantitative revolution in the world of geographic science and laid the groundwork for GIS.

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Cartographic design is  the visual representation of geographic and spatial information on a map . The purpose of Cartographic Design is to create a map that is visually appealing and effectively communicates pertinent information to the audience. Cartographic design consists of planning and layout.

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Geospatial technology is used to  collect, analyze and store geographic information . It uses software to map geographic locations while analyzing the impact of human activity. Geographic Information System (GIS) uses digital software to combine maps and datasets about environmental events and socioeconomic trends.

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Digital mapping (also called digital cartography) is the  process by which a collection of data is compiled and formatted into a virtual image . The primary function of this technology is to produce maps that give accurate representations of a particular area, detailing major road arteries and other points of interest.

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Cartographic design or map design is the  process of crafting the appearance of a map , applying the principles of design and knowledge of how maps are used to create a map that has both aesthetic appeal and practical function. ... As a discipline, it integrates design, geography, and geographic information science.

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GIS of the future may very well be in augmented reality and virtual reality. AR and VR use continues to grow as users become more comfortable with the technology, and this will lead to more and more developers integrating GIS capabilities into their applications, Benton said.

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Remote sensing is  the acquisition of information about an object by a recording device  that is not in physical contact with it. Today, the term is commonly used to describe the process of collecting, viewing, interpreting, and analyzing aerial or satellite-based images.

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Remote sensing uses  a part or several parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . It records the electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted by the earth's surface. The amount of radiation from an object (called radiance) is influenced by both the properties of the object and the radiation hitting the object (irradiance).

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A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing features and events on earth. On the other hand, remote sensing is the science of collecting data regarding an object or a phenomenon without any physical contact with the object.

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Global Positioning Systems or GPS are used to find the exact location of things. Geographic Information Systems or GIS are used to record information on to maps. Both GPS and GIS are useful in managing land in the high country.

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Online mapping is the compilation and publication of Web sites that provide exhaustive graphical and text information in the form of maps and databases. Online mapping services are used for tasks such as planning trips, determining geographical positions, finding landmarks and businesses, obtaining addresses and phone numbers, and plotting storm tracks.

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Video, LiDAR, radar (all together ‘VLR’) and derived Machine Learning data are becoming kings of mapping data.  Said another way, the eyes at the edge (VLR) are contributing the vast majority of mapping data with few mapping applications taking advantage of it.

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National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis

GIS

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