JURGEN HABERMAS THEORY

JURGEN HABERMAS THEORY. Group 7 Ocha Putri A. 20211141044 Charloista Visa A. 20211141047 Dyah Hastuti 20211141050 Rahayu Putri W. 20211144004 Salsabila Nisrina N. 20211144029 M. Taufik Hidayat 20211144041.

J urgen H abermas H istory. Jürgen Habermas is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of Critical Theory and pragmatism. He was born in Dusseldorf , Germany on June 18, 1929 and grew up in Grummersbach . He studied philosophy , psychology , literature and economics , while pursuing his baccalaureate and undergraduate education at the Universitat Gottingen , Universitat Zurich and earned his doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy , Universitat Bonn , in 1954..

When he was 25 years old, he joined the Frankfurt School and was actively involved in the Critical Theory project the next two years, 1956, when he was entrusted with Adorno's assistant. His work addresses communicative action and the public sphere. Habermas's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests..

Critique Towards Positivism. In the context of an advanced industrial society, Critical Theory as an ideological critique has the task of unmasking the ideological 'mask' of positivism. Positivism is a philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof and that therefore rejects metaphysics and theism. Positivism is not just a positivist view of science, but it is a way of thinking that infects the consciousness of advanced industrial societies..

From all of Habermas' concerns on the question of rationality today, it can be said that Critical Theory is directed at two levels that are dialectically related. At the level of theory of knowledge , Critical Theory seeks to overcome scientism or positivism . Critical Theory criticizes positivism as scientism because it adopts the methods of the natural sciences to initiate a unified science . Positivism is also criticized for its lack of self-reflective criticism and the reduction of epistemology to crudely mechanical methodology. Critical Theory has succeeded in proving that positivism by pretending to be objective or value-free, in fact hides power and maintains the status quo of society, and does not encourage change ..

Public Sphere. Public sphere is a place that is used to discuss and argue about a problem that occurs, usually discussing the public interest. The function of public sphere is to exchange opinions, make a deal about an issue that they discuss, and sometimes to influence public opinion. Discussions that occur in public sphere are often related to the interests of the general public, starting with simple discussions, then the results of these discussions are submitted to the competent authorities for follow-up. It aims to find solutions to problems related to the public interest..

The importance of public sphere is to convey thoughts and opinions in order to create communication between people and mediating between state and society. An example of our participation in discussions in the public sphere is the discussion on the plan to celebrate the Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia. In the discussion, there was a discussion about how to enliven Independence Day; such as holding competitions and giving prizes. The discussions were conducted by village-level organizations, such as youth organizations. There, members of the youth group can freely express their opinions for the benefit of all members of the community in the village..

There are some differences between the public sphere in the past and now In the past: It was a physical space where people gathered to debate and deliberate on matters without any interference from institutions like governments or churches Even though there are print or literary media, the critical process is still limited Publicity was used to subdue people or current political decisions to the public Dominated by the bourgeoisie, so the common people cannot participate Public sphere functioned according to a set of norms spelling out how everyone within it should act, and only interested people understand the topic being discussed Now: Public sphere is used for the use of hidden policies by interested groups Nowadays , digital media has also developed so that the reach of the public sphere is wider Common people can contribute easily with the changes in public sphere facilities Freedom of expression has prevailed and the sphere acts as a means to discuss matters that are more general and broad in topic, so anyone can understand and contribute to the topic of discussion.

Communicative Action. • The theory of communicative action is a critical project which reconstructs a concept of reason of which is not grounded in instrumental or objectivistic terms, but rather in an emancipatory communicative act • Communicative action is defined by Habermas as action oriented by and/or in pursuit of mutual understanding • This reconstruction proposes that the assessment of communicative action is seen in terms of quality, validity, truth, and rationality • Communicative action must be able to achieve mutual understandings and respect each other by creating social integration and solidarity.

Jurgen Habermas Theory of Communicative Action. • Without a meeting between the lifeworld and the system, there will be something called colonialism which led to a crisis in the system in the form of indifferent and uncaring behavior • So that the lifeworld and people's voices are not blocked, communicative action is needed because there will be human agents who enter into a rationally mutual understanding to reach consensual action • The use of language and sentences is important because every statement must contain "desire" in it. Therefore, rationality, validity, and politeness are needed in order to reach a consensus and must give reasonable opinion (not just talk nonsense) and respect each other ..

Adi, T. N. (2013, May 16). MENGENAL TEORI KRITIS HABERMAS [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://sinaukomunikasi.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/mengenal- teori-kritis-habermas/ Taufiq, M. A. (2015). Membedah Teori Kritis Habermas . Retrieved from https:// www.kompasiana.com/moch_aly_taufiq/55008c65a33311e 572511352/membedah-teori-kritis-habermas.

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