Name: Feline infectious peritonitis
Uploaded: 2022-04-02
Duration: 15 min 43 s
Description: Feline infectious peritonitis. Mya Paugh T00677514 VTEC 1231 (Dillon) 02/17/22.

Feline infectious peritonitis. Mya Paugh T00677514 VTEC 1231 (Dillon) 02/17/22. 

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Mya Paugh T00677514 VTEC 1231 (Dillon) 02/17/22

What is fip ? Why is it called that?. Feline infectious peritonitis, abbreviated as FIP, is a viral disease that affects both wild and domestic cats. The name feline infectious peritonitis comes from when the disease was initially discovered. During this time, peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the lining of the abdominal cavity) was a common finding. It is now known that a cat infected with FIP does not have to have peritonitis as a clinical finding, but many do.. 

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Feline infectious peritonitis, abbreviated as FIP, is a viral disease that affects both wild and domestic cats.  The name feline infectious peritonitis comes from when the disease was initially discovered. During this time, peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the lining of the abdominal cavity) was a common finding. It is now known that a cat infected with FIP does not have to have peritonitis as a clinical finding, but many do.

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This image above shows what inflammation of the intestine looks like. This is similar to what peritonitis looks like except peritonitis would be visible on the abdominal lining instead. (1)

causes. FIP is caused by particular strains of the feline enteric coronavirus ( FeCV ). Most strains of FeCV do NOT cause any harm to the individual. Infected cats may experience mild gastrointestinal upset such as diarrhea, or they may not develop any symptoms at all (asymptomatic carriers). This is usually the case as long as FeCV remains within the gastrointestinal tract. In some cases of FeCV , the virus may mutate within the animal’s body and develop into the feline infectious peritonitis virus, or FIPV. This is the strain that causes FIP. The development of FIPV does not necessarily mean that the cat will develop FIP. The cat may remain healthy and prevent clinical signs from appearing if they mount a strong immune response to the virus and are able to control the infection. Only a small portion of cats (approximately 10%) exposed to FeCV will develop FIP. FIP development can occur anywhere from weeks to years after the initial exposure to the virus.. 

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FIP is caused by particular strains of the feline enteric coronavirus ( FeCV ). Most strains of  FeCV  do NOT cause any harm to the individual. Infected cats may experience mild gastrointestinal upset such as diarrhea, or they may not develop any symptoms at all (asymptomatic carriers). This is usually the case as long as  FeCV  remains within the gastrointestinal tract.  In some cases of  FeCV , the virus may mutate within the animal’s body and develop into the feline infectious peritonitis virus, or FIPV.  This is the strain that causes FIP.   The development of FIPV does not necessarily mean that the cat will develop FIP.  The cat may remain healthy and prevent clinical signs from appearing if they mount a strong immune response to the virus and are able to control the infection.  Only a small portion of cats (approximately 10%) exposed to  FeCV  will develop FIP.  FIP development can occur anywhere from weeks to years after the initial exposure to the virus.

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About feline enteric coronavirus. The feline coronavirus is quite common and usually does not cause significant problems for its host. Within the body, the virus targets the intestinal cells causing gastrointestinal upset. In most cases, cats will develop only mild, self-limiting symptoms, such as diarrhea. Some cats may not develop any symptoms at all. Most cats infected with FeCV are able to mount an immune response to fight off the infection. Within 7-10 days, the infected cat’s body will develop antibodies (part of the humoral immune response) to tag the virus for destruction by macrophages (phagocytic cells that engulf invaders). In these cases, FIP does not have the chance to develop. FeCV is easily transmitted between cats. It can become endemic in large populations of cats that are housed within close proximity such as animal shelters, catteries, or multi-cat households.. 

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The feline coronavirus is quite common and usually does not cause significant problems for its host. Within the body,  the virus targets the intestinal cells causing gastrointestinal upset. In most cases, cats will develop only mild, self-limiting symptoms, such as diarrhea. Some cats may not develop any symptoms at all. Most cats infected with  FeCV  are able to mount an immune response to fight off the infection. Within 7-10 days, the infected cat’s body will develop antibodies (part of the humoral immune response) to tag the virus for destruction by macrophages (phagocytic cells that engulf invaders). In these cases, FIP does not have the chance to develop.  FeCV  is easily transmitted between cats. It can become endemic in large populations of cats that are housed within close proximity such as animal shelters, catteries, or multi-cat households.

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Is fip contagious?. FIP itself is NOT contagious. The mutated virus, FIPV, is not shed in the feces or saliva, therefore it cannot be transferred to other cats. However, the feline enteric coronavirus ( FeCV ), which causes FIP, IS contagious and is readily transmitted between cats. Once FeCV is transmitted, the virus must undergo mutation within the newly infected individual cat in order to cause FIP.. 

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FIP itself is NOT contagious.  The mutated virus, FIPV, is not shed in the feces or saliva, therefore it cannot be transferred to other cats.  However, the feline enteric coronavirus ( FeCV ), which causes FIP, IS contagious and is readily transmitted between cats.  Once  FeCV  is transmitted, the virus must undergo mutation within the newly infected individual cat in order to cause FIP.

Can i get coronavirus from my cat?. In short - No, you cannot get the coronavirus from your cat. The coronavirus that causes FIP is different from the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 in people. There are numerous different types of coronaviruses that affect multiple different animals. They often cause disease of the upper respiratory tract (like SARS-Cov-2) or the gastrointestinal tract (like FeCV ). FeCV = the coronavirus that can cause FIP in cats SARS-Cov-2 = the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 in people. 

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In short - No, you cannot get the coronavirus from your cat.  The coronavirus that causes FIP is different from the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 in people.  There are numerous different types of coronaviruses that affect multiple different animals. They often cause disease of the upper respiratory tract (like SARS-Cov-2) or the gastrointestinal tract (like  FeCV ). FeCV  = the coronavirus that can cause FIP in cats SARS-Cov-2 = the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 in people

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Cats can become infected with feline enteric coronavirus ( FeCV ) when they ingest the virus.  FeCV  is transmitted via infected feces or saliva. Cats can become infected by sharing food dishes or litterboxes with an infected cat or by  allogrooming  (i.e., cats grooming each other).  Active infection (i.e., when the virus is shed) lasts several weeks to a few months. The cat may or may not appear ill during this time.

How does fip spread throughout the body?. The mutated virus, FIPV, can infect white blood cells called monocytes. These infected monocytes travel in the bloodstream throughout the body. As they travel throughout the body, the virus can infect other tissues and organs and spread the disease.. 

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How does  fip  spread throughout the body?

The mutated virus, FIPV, can infect white blood cells called monocytes. These infected monocytes travel in the bloodstream throughout the body.  As they travel throughout the body, the virus can infect other tissues and organs and spread the disease.

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An example of a monocyte as seen on a manual review of a blood film. Note the vacuoles within the cell’s cytoplasm. This is a common trait of monocytes. (5)

Who is at risk for developing fip ?. Any cat of any age, breed, or sex can contract FeCV and can therefore potentially develop FIP. There are certain groups that appear to be more at risk or predisposed to developing FIP: Young cats, usually between the ages of 6 months and 2 years Purebred cats (such as Persians, Abyssinians, Bengals, Birmans, Himalayans, Ragdolls, and Rex breeds) Cats living in multi-cat households or high-density facilities (e.g., shelters, catteries) Cats living in stressful, overcrowded, or poorly sanitized environments Cats with pre-existing disease such as FeLV or FIV Cats with compromised immune systems. 

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Any cat of any age, breed, or sex can contract  FeCV  and can therefore potentially develop FIP.  There are certain groups that appear to be more at risk or predisposed to developing FIP: Young cats, usually between the ages of 6 months and 2 years Purebred cats (such as Persians, Abyssinians, Bengals, Birmans, Himalayans, Ragdolls, and Rex breeds) Cats living in multi-cat households or high-density facilities (e.g., shelters, catteries) Cats living in stressful, overcrowded, or poorly sanitized environments Cats with pre-existing disease such as  FeLV  or FIV Cats with compromised immune systems

Where?. Cases of FIP are found worldwide. Diagram, venn diagram Description automatically generated. 

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Symptoms Of fecv. Cats exposed to FeCV may not develop any symptoms at all or they may present in one of the following ways: Mild upper respiratory symptoms Mild gastrointestinal symptoms Symptoms of feline enteric coronavirus include: Sneezing Watery eyes Nasal discharge Diarrhea Vomiting Most of the time these symptoms are self-limiting, meaning they will go away on their own without treatment.. 

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Cats exposed to  FeCV  may not develop any symptoms at all or they may present in one of the following ways: Mild upper respiratory symptoms  Mild gastrointestinal symptoms  Symptoms of feline enteric coronavirus include: Sneezing Watery eyes Nasal discharge Diarrhea Vomiting  Most of the time these symptoms are self-limiting, meaning they will go away on their own without treatment.

Clinical signs and symptoms of fip. Cats with FIP often develop non-specific signs of disease such as: Decreased/loss of appetite Weight loss Lethargy Fever (often long-lasting and unresponsive to antibiotics) Other clinical signs may include: Pot-bellied appearance (due to ascites) Difficulty breathing (due to pleural effusion) Central nervous system (CNS) signs such as ataxia (uncoordinated movement) or seizures Signs may vary depending on which organs are affected Since many of these symptoms are non-specific causing FIP to mimic other conditions, it may be necessary to rule out other diseases first Symptoms tend to worsen over time. 

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Cats with FIP often develop non-specific signs of disease such as: Decreased/loss of appetite Weight loss Lethargy Fever (often long-lasting and unresponsive to antibiotics) Other clinical signs may include: Pot-bellied appearance (due to ascites) Difficulty breathing (due to pleural effusion) Central nervous system (CNS) signs such as ataxia (uncoordinated movement) or seizures Signs may vary depending on which organs are affected Since many of these symptoms are non-specific causing FIP to mimic other conditions, it may be necessary to rule out other diseases first  Symptoms tend to worsen over time

“Wet” vs “dry” form of fip. There are two different forms of FIP: a wet, or effusive, form and a dry, or non-effusive, form The wet form of FIP may develop into the dry form and vice versa. The wet form of FIP is more common. Infected cats often show signs of both forms simultaneously. Which form develops depends on the immune response (or lack of) that the animal’s body responds with.. 

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There are two different forms of FIP: a wet, or effusive, form and a dry, or non-effusive, form The wet form of FIP may develop into the dry form and vice versa. The wet form of FIP is more common. Infected cats often show signs of both forms simultaneously. Which form develops depends on the immune response (or lack of) that the animal’s body responds with.

The Dry form of fip. Also known as the non-effusive form The dry form of FIP causes inflammatory cells to accumulate in various organs causing an inflammatory reaction to these organs. The inflammation prevents the organs from functioning properly and can even lead to eventual organ failure. Organs that may be affected include the brain, liver, kidneys, lungs, eyes, and skin. An array of symptoms may be seen. Neurological signs such as seizures or ataxia may be observed with this form. Affected cats may also experience polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyuria (increased urination), vomiting, weight loss, and jaundice. Symptoms of the dry form tend to develop slower than those of the wet form. With the dry form, the body responded with a partial immune response to the FIPV. The immune response was enough to prevent effusion, but not quite enough to stop the disease from developing.. 

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Also known as the non-effusive form The dry form of FIP causes inflammatory cells to accumulate in various organs causing an inflammatory reaction to these organs. The inflammation prevents the organs from functioning properly and can even lead to eventual organ failure. Organs that may be affected include the brain, liver, kidneys, lungs, eyes, and skin.  An array of symptoms may be seen. Neurological signs such as seizures or ataxia may be observed with this form. Affected cats may also experience polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyuria (increased urination), vomiting, weight loss, and jaundice.  Symptoms of the dry form tend to develop slower than those of the wet form.  With the dry form, the body responded with a partial immune response to the FIPV.  The immune response was enough to prevent effusion, but not quite enough to stop the disease from developing.

The wet form of fip. Also know as the effusive form The wet form of FIP is easier to diagnose than the dry form. The wet form often presents with fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), causing abdominal distention, or fluid accumulation within the chest (pleural effusion), which can cause breathing difficulty. Inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) leads to damaged blood vessels, which then leak fluid into the surrounding body cavities, resulting in the fluid accumulation. The fluid usually has a high protein content. Symptoms of the wet form tend to develop more rapidly than those of the dry form. With the wet form, the body failed to mount any immune response to the FIPV.. 

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Also know as the effusive form The wet form of FIP is easier to diagnose than the dry form. The wet form often presents with fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), causing abdominal distention, or fluid accumulation within the chest (pleural effusion), which can cause breathing difficulty.  Inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) leads to damaged blood vessels, which then leak fluid into the surrounding body cavities, resulting in the fluid accumulation.  The fluid usually has a high protein content.  Symptoms of the wet form tend to develop more rapidly than those of the dry form. With the wet form, the body failed to mount any immune response to the FIPV.

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An example of the characteristic fluid that is often seen with FIP (7)

diagnosis. Currently, there is no definitive test to diagnose FIP. A diagnosis of FIP is made based on a combination of a thorough history, clinical signs and findings, and eliminating other differentials. There are tests to measure FeCV antibodies. However, this alone cannot tell is if the cat has actually developed FIP. A positive result will only tell us that they have been infected with FeCV in the past and their immune system developed antibodies to fight off the virus. On the other hand, this test may inaccurately rule out an FIP diagnosis since some cats with FIP may not mount an immune response and therefore, would not produce antibodies for the test to find = false negative result However, there are a few clinical findings and indications that can be used to presume FIP as a diagnosis A biopsy from affected tissue, such as mesenteric lymph nodes, kidneys, or the liver, can be used to diagnose FIP.. 

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Currently, there is no definitive test to diagnose FIP. A diagnosis of FIP is made based on a combination of a thorough history, clinical signs and findings, and eliminating other differentials.  There are tests to measure  FeCV  antibodies. However, this alone cannot tell is if the cat has actually developed FIP.  A positive result will only tell us that they have been infected with  FeCV  in the past and their immune system developed antibodies to fight off the virus. On the other hand, this test may inaccurately rule out an FIP diagnosis since some cats with FIP may not mount an immune response and therefore, would not produce antibodies for the test to find = false negative result However, there are a few clinical findings and indications that can be used to presume FIP as a diagnosis A biopsy from affected tissue, such as mesenteric lymph nodes, kidneys, or the liver, can be used to diagnose FIP.

Clinical findings that can be used to support an FIP diagnosis. 

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Clinical findings that can be used to support an FIP diagnosis

Clinical findings that can be used to  support  an FIP diagnosis include: Leukopenia = low number of white blood cells; lymphopenia = low number of lymphocytes (white blood cells responsible for the immune response) Neutrophilia = high number of neutrophils -> neutrophils are white blood cells that respond to foreign invaders therefore, neutrophilia may be seen when the body is responding to an infection  Anemia = decreased number of red blood cells Hyperproteinemia (elevated amounts of protein in the blood) -> specifically, hyperglobulinemia (increased globulins) Jaundice = yellow discoloration of the gums or sclera (whites of eyes) -> due to increased bilirubin in the blood  Increased liver enzymes (e.g., ATP and ALP) Characteristic ascites or pleural effusion -> fluid is often straw-colored with high protein (greater than 35g/L) and white blood cell amounts Young cats that have high coronavirus titers and a fever that is non-responsive to antibiotics are often presumed to have FIP.

Pleural Effusion. Pleural Effusion = fluid accumulation within the chest cavity Animal may present with difficulty breathing. Pleural effusion can be diagnosed via a thoracic x-ray (see image to the right) or via ultrasound.. 

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Pleural Effusion = fluid accumulation within the chest cavity  Animal may present with difficulty breathing. Pleural effusion can be diagnosed via a thoracic x-ray (see image to the right) or via ultrasound.

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Pleural effusion as seen on a thoracic radiograph (8)

Ascites. Ascites = fluid accumulation within the abdominal cavity Animal may present with a distended abdomen and a “pot-bellied” appearance as shown to the right. As demonstrated below, ascites can be diagnosed via an abdominal x-ray (below, right) or via ultrasound (below, left). 

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Ascites = fluid accumulation within the abdominal cavity  Animal may present with a distended abdomen and a “pot-bellied” appearance as shown to the right.  As demonstrated below, ascites can be diagnosed via an abdominal x-ray (below, right) or via ultrasound (below, left)

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treatment. FIP is considered to be fatal in most cases, often because it couldn’t be diagnosed until after death. FIP was long thought to be a non-treatable condition until recently. Antiviral drugs such as GS-5734 and GS-441524 may be effective for the treatment of FIP. These drugs have been used in humans but have yet to receive FDA-approval for the use against FIP in cats. However, current drug trials have had positive results and provide hope for the treatment of FIP in the future. Remdesivir , a prodrug of GS-441524, is one of the drugs currently being tested. It is currently used to treat COVID-19 in people. Drug therapy treatment for FIP is not commonly used in practice because it is still in its experimental phases and the drug is difficult to obtain. The drug is also quite expensive for clients. Currently, treatment revolves around making the animal as comfortable as possible for the remainder of its life. Supportive care is provided to alleviate symptoms and may include intravenous fluid therapy; drainage of the ascites or pleural effusion; blood transfusions; drugs such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and/or immune system stimulators. It is important to keep the animal in a non-stressful environment as well. Euthanasia may be considered if the cat’s quality of life is poor and they are not responding to supportive care.. 

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FIP is considered to be fatal in most cases, often because it couldn’t be diagnosed until after death. FIP was long thought to be a non-treatable condition until recently.   Antiviral drugs such as GS-5734 and GS-441524 may be effective for the treatment of FIP.  These drugs have been used in humans but have yet to receive FDA-approval for the use against FIP in cats.  However, current drug trials have had positive results and provide hope for the treatment of FIP in the future.  Remdesivir , a prodrug of GS-441524, is one of the drugs currently being tested. It is currently used to treat COVID-19 in people. Drug therapy treatment for FIP is not commonly used in practice because it is still in its experimental phases and the drug is difficult to obtain. The drug is also quite expensive for clients.  Currently, treatment revolves around making the animal as comfortable as possible for the remainder of its life. Supportive care is provided to alleviate symptoms and may include intravenous fluid therapy; drainage of the ascites or pleural effusion; blood transfusions; drugs such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and/or immune system stimulators. It is important to keep the animal in a non-stressful environment as well. Euthanasia may be considered if the cat’s quality of life is poor and they are not responding to supportive care.

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prognosis. FIP is progressive and is almost always fatal without treatment. Up to 95% of affected cats will die from the disease. Drug therapies are still in experimental stages, but they have been seeing some success. With continued success, this could be a game changer for cats affected by FIP in the future. Supportive care treatment may extend the cat’s lifespan in some cases. Euthanasia is often considered if supportive care does not help improve the cat’s quality of life. Expected lifespan after infection ranges anywhere from just a few days to months depending on which form the cat is affected by. For the wet form, the cat can be expected to live only days to weeks. For the dry form, weeks to months could be expected.. 

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FIP is progressive and is almost always fatal without treatment. Up to 95% of affected cats will die from the disease.  Drug therapies are still in experimental stages, but they have been seeing some success. With continued success, this could be a game changer for cats affected by FIP in the future.  Supportive care treatment may extend the cat’s lifespan in some cases.   Euthanasia is often considered if supportive care does not help improve the cat’s quality of life. Expected lifespan after infection ranges anywhere from just a few days to months depending on which form the cat is affected by.  For the wet form, the cat can be expected to live only days to weeks. For the dry form, weeks to months could be expected.

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Preventing FIP revolves around preventing  FeCV .   FeCV  is easily destroyed in the environment by common household disinfectants and the virus is killed at room temperature within 48 hours.   Since  FeCV  is transmitted via infected feces, keeping litterboxes clean and separate from food and water can also help prevent the development of FIP. It is advisable to isolate new cats or cats that are suspected of having  FeCV . To decrease the chances of developing FIP, it is advisable to keep cats as healthy as possible, since pre-existing disease seems to predispose cats to FIP.  This can include preventing infection of other viruses via appropriate vaccination protocols as recommended by a DVM.  There is a vaccine for  FeCV  available, but it is not routinely recommended due to its questionable effectiveness.

SUMMARY. FIP is NOT contagious. This is a more recent finding. We no longer need to isolate cats that are suspected as infected with FIP since it cannot be transmitted to other cats. There currently is NO cure, so this disease is almost always fatal. However, there are recent studies and clinical trials underway that are optimistic that there may be a treatment available in the future. Prevention of FIP relies on the prevention of the feline coronavirus. Basic hygiene practices, such as keeping litterboxes clean, can help with this.. 

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FIP is NOT contagious. This is a more recent finding. We no longer need to isolate cats that are suspected as infected with FIP since it cannot be transmitted to other cats. There currently is NO cure, so this disease is almost always fatal. However, there are recent studies and clinical trials underway that are optimistic that there may be a treatment available in the future.  Prevention of FIP relies on the prevention of the feline coronavirus. Basic hygiene practices, such as keeping litterboxes clean, can help with this.

Sources. American Association of Feline Practitioners and the Cornell Feline Health Center, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York. (2021, December 21). Feline Infectious Peritonitis . Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https:// www.vet.cornell.edu /departments-centers-and-institutes/ cornell -feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis Brooks, W. (2021, November 15). Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) . Veterinary Partner. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https:// veterinarypartner.vin.com / default.aspx?pid =19239&id=4951549 Hugo, T. B., & Heading, K. L. (2015, January). Prolonged survival of a cat diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis by Immunohistochemistry . The Canadian Veterinary Journal . Retrieved February 18, 2022, from https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / pmc /articles/PMC4266056/ Hunter, T., & Ward, E. (n.d.). Feline Infectious Peritonitis . Feline Infectious Peritonitis | VCA Animal Hospitals. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// vcahospitals.com /know-your-pet/feline-infectious-peritonitis International Cat Care Contributors. (2021, October 7). Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) . International Cat Care. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https:// icatcare.org /advice/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip / Levy, J. (2020, October). Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). Merck Manual Veterinary Manual. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https:// www.merckvetmanual.com /cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip Long Beach Animal Hospital. (2021, December 16). Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Corona Virus . Long Beach Animal Hospital. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// lbah.com /feline/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip / Mitchell, S. C. (2022, January 24). Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in Cats . PetMD . Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https:// www.petmd.com /cat/conditions/infectious-parasitic/ c_ct_feline_infectious_peritonitis Pedersen, N. C. (2021, March 4). SOCK FIP . Save Our Cats and Kittens from Feline Infectious Peritonitis . Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// sockfip.org / WebMD Editorial Contributors. (2021, February 12). Cat FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments . WebMD. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https:// pets.webmd.com /cats/cat- fip -feline-infectious-peritonitis. 

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American Association of Feline Practitioners and the Cornell Feline Health Center, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York. (2021, December 21).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis . Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https:// www.vet.cornell.edu /departments-centers-and-institutes/ cornell -feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis  Brooks, W. (2021, November 15).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) . Veterinary Partner. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https:// veterinarypartner.vin.com / default.aspx?pid =19239&id=4951549  Hugo, T. B., & Heading, K. L. (2015, January).  Prolonged survival of a cat diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis by Immunohistochemistry . The Canadian Veterinary Journal . Retrieved February 18, 2022, from https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / pmc /articles/PMC4266056/  Hunter, T., & Ward, E. (n.d.).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis . Feline Infectious Peritonitis | VCA Animal Hospitals. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// vcahospitals.com /know-your-pet/feline-infectious-peritonitis  International Cat Care Contributors. (2021, October 7).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) . International Cat Care. Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https:// icatcare.org /advice/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip /  Levy, J. (2020, October).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP).  Merck Manual Veterinary Manual. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https:// www.merckvetmanual.com /cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip Long Beach Animal Hospital. (2021, December 16).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Corona Virus . Long Beach Animal Hospital. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// lbah.com /feline/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip /  Mitchell, S. C. (2022, January 24).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in Cats .  PetMD . Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https:// www.petmd.com /cat/conditions/infectious-parasitic/ c_ct_feline_infectious_peritonitis   Pedersen, N. C. (2021, March 4).  SOCK FIP . Save Our Cats and Kittens from Feline Infectious Peritonitis . Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// sockfip.org /  WebMD Editorial Contributors. (2021, February 12).  Cat FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments . WebMD. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https:// pets.webmd.com /cats/cat- fip -feline-infectious-peritonitis

Sources – images. 1 - Long Beach Animal Hospital. (2021, December 16). Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Corona Virus . Long Beach Animal Hospital. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// lbah.com /feline/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip / 2 – Tasker, Severine. “Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis .” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery , Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery , 2018, https:// journals.sagepub.com / doi /pdf/10.1177/17534666221086415. 3 – “ Yaheetech 62.2'' h Multi Level Cat Tree with 2 Condos...” Walmart , Walmart, https:// www.walmart.com / ip /Yaheetech-62-2-H-Multi-Level-Cat-Tree-2-Condos-Foam-Padded-Perches-Scratching-Post-Fur-Ball-Condo-Medium-Large-Cats-Light-Gray/221018571. 4 – McCracken, Susan Logan, et al. “Why Do Cats Groom Each Other?” Catster , 18 Mar. 2020, https:// www.catster.com /cat-behavior/why-do-cats-groom-each-other. 5 – CriticalCareDVM . “White Blood Cells - Elevation Does Not Always Mean Infection!” CriticalCareDVM , 9 Mar. 2015, https:// criticalcaredvm.com /tag/leukocytosis/. 6 – World Geography Games. (n.d.). World Geography Games Online . World Geography Games. Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://world-geography- games.com / 7, 8, 9, 10 – Long Beach Animal Hospital. (2021, December 16). Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Corona Virus . Long Beach Animal Hospital. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// lbah.com /feline/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip / 11 – Brooks, W. (2021, November 15). Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) . Veterinary Partner. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https:// veterinarypartner.vin.com / default.aspx?pid =19239&id=4951549 12 –“Stock Photos, Pictures & Royalty Free Videos.” Shutterstock , https:// www.shutterstock.com /discover/stock-image-0120?kw=shutterstock&c3apidt=p28720058952&gclid=Cj0KCQjw0PWRBhDKARIsAPKHFGjUs1oYjIGLVGRxTnNF0aKRJPy8ebBT0WGHB4Z1P_0oMlWpb023D6saAoMPEALw_wcB&gclsrc= aw.ds . 13 – CasarsaGuru , et al. “Cat Leaving Litter Box Pictures, Images and Stock Photos.” IStock , https:// www.istockphoto.com /photos/cat-leaving-litter-box.. 

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1 - Long Beach Animal Hospital. (2021, December 16).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Corona Virus . Long Beach Animal Hospital. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// lbah.com /feline/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip /  2 – Tasker, Severine. “Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis .”  Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery , Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery , 2018, https:// journals.sagepub.com / doi /pdf/10.1177/17534666221086415.  3 – “ Yaheetech  62.2'' h Multi Level Cat Tree with 2 Condos...”  Walmart , Walmart, https:// www.walmart.com / ip /Yaheetech-62-2-H-Multi-Level-Cat-Tree-2-Condos-Foam-Padded-Perches-Scratching-Post-Fur-Ball-Condo-Medium-Large-Cats-Light-Gray/221018571.  4 – McCracken, Susan Logan, et al. “Why Do Cats Groom Each Other?”  Catster , 18 Mar. 2020, https:// www.catster.com /cat-behavior/why-do-cats-groom-each-other.  5 – CriticalCareDVM . “White Blood Cells - Elevation Does Not Always Mean Infection!”  CriticalCareDVM , 9 Mar. 2015, https:// criticalcaredvm.com /tag/leukocytosis/.  6 –  World Geography Games. (n.d.).  World Geography Games Online  . World Geography Games. Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://world-geography- games.com /  7, 8, 9, 10 – Long Beach Animal Hospital. (2021, December 16).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Corona Virus . Long Beach Animal Hospital. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https:// lbah.com /feline/feline-infectious-peritonitis- fip /  11 – Brooks, W. (2021, November 15).  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) . Veterinary Partner. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https:// veterinarypartner.vin.com / default.aspx?pid =19239&id=4951549  12 –“Stock Photos, Pictures & Royalty Free Videos.”  Shutterstock , https:// www.shutterstock.com /discover/stock-image-0120?kw=shutterstock&c3apidt=p28720058952&gclid=Cj0KCQjw0PWRBhDKARIsAPKHFGjUs1oYjIGLVGRxTnNF0aKRJPy8ebBT0WGHB4Z1P_0oMlWpb023D6saAoMPEALw_wcB&gclsrc= aw.ds .  13 –  CasarsaGuru , et al. “Cat Leaving Litter Box Pictures, Images and Stock Photos.”  IStock , https:// www.istockphoto.com /photos/cat-leaving-litter-box.