FINAL REVIEW

FINAL REVIEW.

Experimental set up that stays constant nothing is added Purpose? Tells you what specifically caused the results.

Observation Hypothesis (null/alt) Perform Experiment Collect and Analyze Data Conclusion (CER) Publish and Repeat Experiments (For more accuracy).

Organization Homeostasis Response Metabolism Evolve.

Most abundant compound on Earth Made up of: Two hydrogen One oxygen Cohesion Adhesion Capillary action.

Water can dissolve many compounds Making it the: Universal solvent.

Solvent The liquid that the material is dissolved in Usually water Solute The substance that is being dissolved.

Proteins that act as catalysts Speeds up rate of chemical reaction By lowering activation energy Specific to a substrate.

4 organic compounds Carbohydrates Proteins (folding) Lipids Nucleic acids Polymerization Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis.

No nucleus DNA in the center Cell membrane and cell wall No complex organelles Ex. All bacteria.

“True cells” DNA enclosed in a Nucleus Have membrane-bound organelles Ex. Plant cell, animal cell.

Specialized cell structures Each has a unique function Like organs in the human body.

Cell Membrane Lies inside the cell wall, helps maintain shape Regulate what enters/exits the cell In ALL cells Cell Wall Supports and protects the cell NOT in animal cells.

Controls all cell activities “the brain” Contains the DNA in chromosomes.

The Energy Source “powerhouse” Makes ATP More active cells (muscles) have more mitochondria.

Made of proteins and rRNA “Protein factories” Join amino acids together to form a protein Called Protein Synthesis.

Only in plant cells Site of photosynthesis Use sun’s energy to make food (glucose).

Movement of particles from high to low concentration Continues until __________ is reached When the concentration is equal on both side.

Diffusion of Water molecules. Osmosis. [image] Semipermeable membrane o o o o O Pressure o.

Osmosis. Diffusion of Water molecules. [image] Semipermeable membrane o o o o O Pressure o.

Results in 3 types of solutions Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic.

The concentration is equal throughout Equilibrium is reached Same amount of salt & water both inside and outside the cell.

High salt concentration outside the cell Water rushes out of the cell to balance out the salt Cell shrivels.

Higher salt concentration inside the cell Water rushes in Cell expands.

[image] Sunlight energy COSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts C02+ H20 Cellular respiration in Organic +02 molecules mitochondria ATP powers most ATP cellular work energy.

6.3 Cellular Respiration banks energy in ATP. Cellular respiration Transfers energy from glucose to form ATP Can produce up to 32 ATP molecules from each glucose Uses about 1/3 of the energy originally stored in glucose – the rest is lost as heat! Why is it so important to keep your body cool during vigorous exercise? (sweating).

6.5 Cells capture energy from electrons. Cellular respiration is a redox reaction Glucose is oxidized (loses electron) Oxygen is reduced (gains electron).

[image] Diagram Description automatically generated.

[image] Diagram Description automatically generated.

[image] Diagram Description automatically generated.

Result of Cellular Respiration. One glucose makes 32-38 ATP Very efficient pathway But 60% is still lost as metabolic heat.

6.7 – 6.11. BioDub My GIFs to You - The Electron Transport Chain & ATP Synthase - MrDubuque.com.

[image] Fermentation AAVOS International. 6.12 Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen.

Photosynthesis. Light Light reactions -c: ADP Calvin cycle.

7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration.

7.5 Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, which are linked by ATP and NADPH.

Figure 7.5b_3. H2O. CO2. Light. ADP. Light Reactions (in thylakoids).

Light Dependent Reaction (overview). ADENINE NH, 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS P O RIBOSE.

Light Dependent Rxn Steps. Chlorophylls in PS II and I absorb energy Electrons (e-) are removed from water Breaks water into H+ and O2 Electrons enter the electron transport chain (ETC).

Light Dependent Rxn Steps. ETC: As e- move down their energy levels, energy is released That energy is used to pump H+ ions from the stroma to the thylakoid space.

[image] Light Chloroplast Copyri*'t O , puumg as H20 NADP+ LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE CH20 (sugar).

Light Independent Rxn. Light-dependent reactions NADP•+ H• NADPHI H20 2H• ATP H. synthase Thylakoid men Thylakoid membrane Calvin Cycle C02 3.PGA RUBP NADPH G3P.

Packages of DNA Replicated before cell division Made of 2 identical sister chromatids at this point.

G1 Growth of the cell S DNA synthesized (replicated) G2 More growth, organelles produced.

Made up of 4 phases Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase.

First and longest phase Chromosomes condense Become visible Nuclear Membrane breaks down Centrioles separate Move to opposite poles Spindle Fibers form.

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate Meta = middle.

Centromeres break apart Chromatids separate Chromosomes move to opposite poles.

Chromosomes decondense Nuclear Envelope reforms. Telophase.

Division of the cytoplasm Animal Cells Cytoplasm pinched into 2 equal parts Plant Cells Cell plate forms between nuclei Eventually becomes the cell wall.