FIELDWORK

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TASK 2. The Fieldwork on Melanau Community Awareness on Multilingual and Multicultural.

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GROUP MEMBERS. The Fieldwork on Melanau Community Awareness on Multilingual and Multicultural.

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Table of Content. Definition of Multilingual & Multicultural Objective of the fieldwork Introduction of Multilingual & Multicultural and over view of the Melanau Community Background of the Melanau Community MLMC awareness in the Melanau Community Conclusion.

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Definition. Multilingualism - The ability of an individual or individuals to have conversation using three or more languages (Nur Fadhila et al. 2020) Multilingualism - individuals or societies where the learners are considered multilingual as they are able to converse in other languages due to the interaction with speakers from various ethnic groups in the community ( Mokibelo , 2015).

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Definition. Multiculturalism - the way a community deals with cultural differences while affirming a sense of respect towards other cultures and maintaining their own personal cultures (Nur Fadhila et al., 2020) Multiculturalism - the way in which a specific community or group handles cultural differences and exist in unity ( Samsudin , et al., 2020).

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Objectives. The objective of this fieldwork is to identify the respondents awareness of multiculturalism & multilingualism Other than that, it is to see their attitudes towards multiculturalism & multilingualism.

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Introduction. Sarawak comprises 27 ethnic groups Total population is 132,600 (2014) Islam 73.14%, Christianity 18.99% One specific group which is affected by multilingualism and multiculturalism in Sarawak is the Melanau ethnic group Melanau, also known as A- Likou ( "River people" in the Mukah dialect), is an indigenous people group in Sarawak, Malaysia. In the 19th century, the Melanaus settled in scattered communities along the main tributaries of Rajang River in Central Sarawak They are considered to be some of Sarawak's early settlers. They communicate with one another using the Melanau language..

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Respondent 1. NAME: NOLIN GENDANG AGE: 45 YEARS OLD ORIGIN: BAU, KUCHING. RACE: BIDAYUH EDUCATION BACKGROUND: DEGREE LANGUAGES: BIDAYUH, MALAY, ENGLISH, CHINESE, IBAN, MELANAU OCCUPATION: SARAWAK ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER AT MUKAH DISTRICT OFFICE BACKGROUND: BOTH PARENTS PURE BIDAYUH, HUSBAND-CHINESE (FOOCHOW), BOTH RESPONDENT AND HUSBAND TEACH THEIR CHILDREN BIDAYUH & CHINESE CULTURE. LEARN MELANAU LANGUAGE ONCE START WORKING IN MUKAH 22 YEARS AGO.

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Respondent 2. NAME: DR. BAWIH INU PU’UN AGE:43 YEARS OLD ORIGIN:MIRI, SARAWAK RACE:KELABIT/ CHINESE EDUCATION BACKGROUND: MASTER DEGREE LANGUAGES: KELABIT, MELANAU, IBAN, MALAY, ENGLISH OCCUPATION: PSYCHIATRIST BACKGROUND: FATHER-KELABIT, MOTHER-CHINESE, HUSBAND-MELANAU. MOTHER DID NOT TEACH CHILDREN CHINESE LANGUAGE & CULTURE. LEARN MELANAU LANGUAGE THROUGH HUSBAND AND IN-LAW. LEARN IBAN BECAUSE HAVE TO DEAL WITH PATIENTS. BOTH RESPONDENTS AND HUSBAND TEACH CHILDREN MELANAU AND KELABIT LANGUAGE AND CULTURE.

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Respondent 3. NAME: CLEVIA PETER AGE:19 YEARS OLD ORIGIN:MUKAH, SARAWAK RACE:MELANAU EDUCATION BACKGROUND: SPM LANGUAGES: MELANAU, CHINESE, ENGLISH, MALAY, IBAN OCCUPATION: STUDENT BACKGROUND: PARENTS PURE MELANAU AND PARENTS CAN ONLY SPEAK IN MELANAU AND MALAY..

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Respondent 4. NAME: VERON SEBASTIAN AGE: 21 ORIGIN: MUKAH, SARAWAK RESIDING IN BINTULU RACE:MELANAU EDUCATION BACKGROUND: DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL AUTOMOTIVE LANGUAGES: MELANAU, BAHASA MELAYU, BAHASA CINA, ENGLISH, BAHASA IBAN OCCUPATION: Technician at Supernau Motor BACKGROUND: WERE SENT TO CHINESE SCHOOL BY PARENTS. PARENTS REALISE THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING MULTILINGUAL. PARENTS DON’T SPEAK CHINESE. ALL SIBLINGS WERE SENT TO CHINESE SCHOOL. ABLE TO CONVERSE IN IBAN LANGUAGE BECAUSE HAVE LOTS OF IBAN FRIENDS..

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Respondent 5. NAME: TIANI WEE AGE: 24 YEARS OLD ORIGIN: MUKAH, SARAWAK RACE: CHINESE EDUCATION BACKGROUND: DIPLOMA LANGUAGES: MALAY, ENGLISH, CHINESE, MELANAU OCCUPATION: STUDENT BACKGROUND: PARENTS BOTH ARE CHINESE RESIDING IN MUKAH. LEARN MELANAU FROM PARENTS AND FRIENDS. PARENTS ARE VERY FLUENT IN MELANAU LANGUAGE..

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 5- extremely important Respondent 2 5- extremely important Respondent 3 4- important Respondent 4 5- extremely important Respondent 5 5- extremely important.

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 23 y/o Respondent 2 10 y/o Respondent 3 7 y/o Respondent 4 7 y/o Respondent 5 21 y/o “I think right now. I just realise that it is important to be multilingual.”.

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 Mixed married (Bidayuh + Chinese)Bidayuh + Chinese language (family communication)Melanau Language (medium of interaction with the community) Respondent 2 Parents mixed marriage. Mother adopted father’s language & culture. Raised as young child in a different community. Attended multicultural & multilingual education environments Respondent 3 The people around me are chinese, melanau, and malay Respondent 4 I went to Chinese school because my parents wanted me to learn Mandarin. They realise the importance of learning Chinese language for my future. Respondent 5 I realise it when I need to communicate with others especially with the customer..

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 Bidayuh language from family Chinese language-from husband’s family Melanau language- through the community and friends in workplace Respondent 2 Kelabit language- from parents. "Even though my mother is a pure Chinese but she can speak Kelabit . My mother adopted my father’s language and culture. I acquire Melanau language after I got married to my husband who is a Melanau." Iban Language- through friends. First posting as a Doctor in Kanowit , Iban community which requires me to learnt and converse in Iban language. Respondent 3 Family culture and friends. Respondent 4 Family and friends Respondent 5 Family and friends and also teacher.

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Q5: What is the difference between the languages (Melanau vs X)? Which one is the most difficult language for them to acquire?.

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Q6: What are the difficulties to learn the language?.

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 NO Respondent 2 NO Respondent 3 NO Respondent 4 NO Respondent 5 NO.

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 In my opinion, for non-multilinguals is will be difficult for them to communicate with others because there will be miscommunication or breakdown in passing / exchange of vital information. Serve Rakyat. Respondent 2 Miscommunication or breakdown in passing / exchange of vital information e.g. educating patient in clinical consultation Respondent 3 My opinion is that they should acknowledge the other languages and try to communicate and learn the language. Respondent 4 In my opinion being non-multilingual will not help me to understand others especially my Chinese friends. Most of my Chinese friends will speak in Chinese among themselves so I think if you are not multilingual you may feel isolated from others, you don’t understand them and sometime you feel demotivated. Respondent 5 I have friend in my working place and when it comes to Chinese customer they will ask me to hep them because they don’t understand them. So I think if you are not able to speak in other language it is very difficult for us to speak with others with different language..

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 Some culture like Chinese and Bidayuh are different. Like the wedding culture, for Bidayuh we just have some gathering and invited the locals to come over for the reception. Usually the event will last until midnight. As for Chinese culture there are so many things you need to follow. They even have tea serving ceremony to the elderly which I am not familiar with. Most difficult would be Foochow. Respondent 2 Some cultures continues to practice rituals that are against one own religious beliefs. Most difficult Melanau Respondent 3 All aspect of both culture has many difference, like wedding customs. The most difficult culture for them to adapt to is Chinese. Respondent 4 I don’t know much about the Chinese culture but during wedding I know that they serve tea to their family. But I think my culture also is very complicated because there are different level in Melanau culture where people have to follow. I myself is not sure yet but I do learn a bit by seeing especially during wedding where we have this event called ‘Petului Pakan Berian’. Don’t ask me about it. I don’t know how to explain. Hehehe… I think the most difficult culture to adapt is Melanau. Different event has different way of how they deal with it. But I know that during funeral when it is our closest family we have to wear white. Respondent 5 Melanau and Iban have different culture. Iban usually celebrate Gawai but Melanau celebrate Christmas or Hari Raya. Last time they celebrate Kaul. They still celebrate Kaul now. I am not sure about other culture but I still think Melanau culture also very difficult to follow..

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Respondent Feedback Respondent 1 I had difficulty during the early years of my marriage with my husband. He is Chinese and I am Bidayuh. Bidayuh I would say a bit more relax and nowadays we don’t really practice some of the culture. What I meant is that, some are already not practiced. The most difficult to adopt in Chinese (Foochow) culture. For example after I deliver my first daughter and I followed the Chinese confinement process because I was in Mukah and my in-law was taking care of me. For the Chinese the confinement period is 30 days and within that 30 days you are not allowed to take your bath. I got really uncomfortable and I was not in a good mood most of the time. I love taking bath. Respondent 2 Internal conflict between practicing rituals and acceptance by religious beliefs and the risk of fusion with other culture Respondent 3 The difficulty in that we are already accustom to the Chinese culture so it is hard to follow another. I think because it is already modern most youngster do not want to follow the culture anymore. Like me myself, I understand sometime I have to follow the culture to show respect. Respondent 4 Well, as I was saying, different event they have different way of handling it. During mourning for example, we have to wear white and the dead will have to stay in the house for 3 days before the funeral. We have to follow certain custom and it is not easy to follow. We are not allowed to sing, bathing in the bathroom using soap, we have to sit next to the corpse, not allowed to look at the mirror for at least 7 days and so on. Respondent 5 I think the most difficult part is how to follow it. Some people say different thing and sometime it is not the same as what you are suppose to follow. So we usually ask someone who is expert in culture to tell us what to do..

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Respondent Feedback Respondent 1 NO Respondent 2 NO Respondent 3 NO Respondent 4 NO Respondent 5 NO.

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Respondent Feedback Respondent 1 Saying prayers together before shared meals.Oh, this is also our habits that I’ve been practicing after I married to my husband is during Chinese New Year Eve is a must to serve 12 types of menu and make sure our container for rice,salt and oil. Respondent 2 Saying prayers together before shared meals Respondent 3 Eating using chopsticks and with the whole family at one table. Usually we will need to eat meal together. We normally use chopstick. Respondent 4 At home, we usually eat together. Other than that, we sometime eat using our hands. When we eat ‘linut’ we usually will eat together and ‘berebut’ to roll the linut. Last time as what my grandmother used to say, when we eat linut we usually are so noisy. Well, people gather to eat linut and will talk while rolling and eating the linut. This still happen at our house and usually we will call our relative next door to join. Usually closest family. Respondent 5 We usually eat together. It is not appropriate to eat later or early because usually we eat with family. We usually serve the elderly first but we still eat together..

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Respondent Feedback Respondent 1 The rituals that are against Christianity abolished in 1940s / 1950s. Respondent 2 Kelabit - follow the religious practice. The rituals that are against Christianity abolished in 1940s/1950s Respondent 3 Wearing white attire during funeral. We also still follow the Chinese custom like hanging red cloth at the door. Respondent 4 Owh… I have mentioned this just now. Hehehe… I think I can add some more about mourning. During mourning session which is about 7 days we are not allowed to eat linut. It is believed that the soul of the dead is still around and I am not sure whether this is true that if you eat linut you will get chocked. So they do not allow you to eat linut. Respondent 5 Owh , I am in mourning at the moment too. My grandmother just passes away a week ago. Well, what I have experienced they will have small pakat for the dead inside the house. How to say pakat . It is to show the level of the dead. My mother and her sibling will have to wear black and for the closest family they wear white. They will need to wear something like this for 40 days. They are not allowed to wear red or other bright colours for 40 days. I think that’s all that I can say..

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 Bidayuh – follow the religious practice. Foochow, beside follow the religious practice they have slot for A tea ceremony,is a tradition wherein the bride and groom serve tea to their respective families. Respondent 2 Kelabit - follow the religious practice. The rituals that are against Christianity abolished in 1940s/1950s Respondent 3 Having Chinese Tea Ceremony Respondent 4 Melanau wedding culture that I know, they have different level. The highest is 9 pikul. So not so sure but this level is considered as royal, golongan bangsawan as what the community said. They have sending of ‘Pakan and berian’. Don’t ask me what is that. I know they have money and also gold (necklace, bracelet). Something like that to give to the bride side. Respondent 5 Same like mourning, wedding also have to follow level. My father is 7 pikul . The highest is 9 pikul . Not sure about the detail but we have book to refer to. There are also person who is expert in this. This people will guide us..

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Respondent Feedback Respondent 1 Yes. To give them their own opportunity to explore and experience it on their own. Respondent 2 Yes. to give them their opportunity to explore and experience it on their own. aim to promote awareness, openness and respects to others Respondent 3 Yes, because they will too respect other people’s culture Respondent 4 Yes, because I want them to learn different language so that they won’t get bullied. Respondent 5 Yes, because I think that becoming multilingual can help us in many way. Like me, I deal with lots of customer with different race. I can speak Iban, Chinese and Malay so it is easy for me..

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 Fusion of culture lead to loss of original identityLoss of original language Respondent 2 Fusion of culture lead to loss of original identity, loss of original language and conflict between practice rituals versus religious belief Respondent 3 Racism and stereotyping Respondent 4 Stereotyping. People usually stereotype certain ethnic groups to something. I don’t want to say further because it is very sensitive. Respondent 5 I think people like to stereotype..

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Respondents Feedbacks Respondent 1 Not too much biases because most of us have sense of a Sarawakian. We are one. Respondent 2 Judgement made based on rituals and related acts that is against religious beliefs Respondent 3 Yes there are. This happen in school. Usually just people talk among themselves and have this stereotyping of certain culture. Respondent 4 No Respondent 5 No.

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How the members of the community manage the differences of language and culture in the community?.

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Their attitude or possible challenges faced.. . All 5 respondents have very positive attitudes and acceptance towards the Melanau culture. Some of them rely on social media to learn more about the Melanau festivals and celebrations. There are some internal conflict between practicing rituals and acceptance by religious beliefs Risk of fusion with other culture.

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Sarawak is unique in the sense that almost everyone in Sarawak is multilingual and multicultural. Chinese speaking Malay, Melanau, Iban, Kenyah , Kayan or other languages to build rapport with the people around them. Non-Chinese children enrolling in Chinese school to study Mandarin. Malay food stalls next to the Chinese or Dayaks (non-halal) under the same roof. The Sarawak government is very successful in preventing religious differences from separating us as Sarawakians. (Dr. Lucy Sebli , 2019) Sarawak people are very tolerant, laid back and open minded..