EVOLUTION OF CURRICULAR MODELS. Traditional Subject-Based Curriculum. 

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Characteristics: Focus on Content Mastery: Traditional curricula are often organised around specific subjects, emphasising knowledge acquisition and mastery within those disciplines. Teacher-Centred Approach: Instruction tends to be lecture-based, with educators delivering content while students passively receive information. Limited Flexibility: These models struggle to accommodate diverse learning approaches, rapid changes in society and technology, and the ability to adapt to contemporary practices in clinical medicine, leading to outdated practices. 
 Benefits: Easier to implement, manage and monitor
 Challenges: Engagement Issues: The passive nature of traditional learning can result in low student engagement and motivation. Relevance: As societal needs evolve, rigid subject boundaries may fail to prepare students for real-world applications.

EVOLUTION OF CURRICULAR MODELS. Integrated Curriculum. 

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Development: The integrated curriculum emerged as a response to the limitations of traditional models. Influenced by progressive educators like John Dewey, this approach aims to connect different subjects and real-life experiences.
 Characteristics: Interdisciplinary Learning: Subjects are blended to create a more holistic learning experience, allowing students to see connections between different areas of knowledge. Active Learning: Emphasises student engagement through project-based and experiential learning methods.
 Benefits: Contextual Learning: Students apply knowledge in relevant contexts, enhancing retention and understanding. Skill Development: Encourages the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration skills necessary for the 21st  century.
 Challenges: Careful planning, operationalising and coordinating with multiple stakeholders such as specialties, departments and NGOs.

EVOLUTION OF CURRICULAR MODELS. Outcomes-Based Education (OBE). 

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Development: Outcomes-Based Education represents a further evolution, focusing on what students should be able to demonstrate upon completion of their education. It shifts the emphasis from content delivery to achieving specific learning outcomes.
 Characteristics: Learner-centred Approach: OBE prioritises student capabilities and real-world applications, ensuring that educational experiences align with desired outcomes. Backward Design: Curriculum planning begins with defining clear outcomes, followed by designing assessments and learning activities that facilitate achieving those outcomes.
 Benefits: Alignment of Goals: Ensures that all aspects of the educational process—content, teaching methods, and assessments—are aligned with clearly defined goals. Flexibility in Teaching Methods: Instructors can adapt their teaching strategies to meet diverse learner needs while maintaining focus on achieving outcomes. 
 Challenges: Monitoring of expected to actual graduate outcomes could be challenging due to  Resource intensity Graduate may display achievement of outcomes later on in their practice environment

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