ETOPS

ETOPS. Prepared by : Yaser Bozeyah.

2. E. T. O. P. S.

Definition History Regulations ETOPS Configuration Standards ETOPS Operation Standards ETOPS Maintenance Standards CBT.

JorAMCo Training Center. 4. What is ETOPS?. ETOPS (Extended Twin Operations) is the acronym created by ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) to describe the operation of twin engine aircraft over a route that contains a point further than one hour's flying time from an adequate airport at the approved one-engine inoperative cruise speed..

JorAMCo Training Center. 5. 60’ circles. Non ETOPS flight.

JorAMCo Training Center. 6. SLL JIB NBO 60' circles KHI BOM MB ETOPS flight.

JorAMCo Training Center. 7. The 60-Minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine Route Opportunities t. 60.

JorAMCo Training Center. 8. 120-Minute ETOPS Rule Greatly Expands Route Opportunities 'egeserts.

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 9. 180-Minute ETOPS Rule Further Expands Route Opportunities.

ETOPS regulations are applicable to:  Overwater operations  Overland operations (desert areas...) What is the meaning of EROPS?  E xtended R ange OP eration S  EROPS describes the applicability of ETOPS requirements to any aircraft, regardless the number of engines.

When did ETOPS firstly start?. Extended range “operations“ started very early:.

What are the benefits of ETOPS?.

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 14. Piston engine reliability This chart (1953 ICAO report) gives the probability of failure for piston Engines vs. power at 1000 constant rpm, the Probability of failure increases as power is increased.

Piston engine reliability (cont’d) The 1953 ICAO report shows that for the same amount of installed horsepower, the risk of an engine failure is greater on a 2 engine design than on a 4 engine design: design required hp.

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 16. As reliable and reasonably light engines had limited power;.

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 17. design of long range aircraft (high weight) implied installation of several engines (more than two) twin engine aircraft had limited payload/range performance and were only operated on short flights.

What are requirements for an ETOPS?. POP QUESTION.

In 1953, further to a review of the piston engine reliability, the FAA published the initial “60 minutes” rule: applicable to three (until 1964) and two engine aircraft special approval for operations beyond 60 minutes.

At the same time, ICAO issued its “90 minutes” recommendations: no airplane shall be operated beyond 90 min (all engines operative) from a diversion airfield, except if the route can be flown with two engines inoperative.

common interpretation was that twin engine aircraft could be operated on 90 minutes routes.

-Until 1952, all commercial flights were operated with piston engine powered airplanes: 1952: first commercial operation with jet airplane (DH Comet 1) -1958: first transatlantic commercial jet operation (DH Comet 4).

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 23. Since 1960, jet engine powered aircraft progressively replaced piston engine powered aircraft: on all long range routes on most of regional routes.

Higher performance of jet engines allowed operations of twins on 90 min routes (Caribbean's, Africa, Bay of Bengal, North Atlantic, South China Sea, ...).

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 25. Jet engine reliability More than 40 years of jet operations have shown that unlike piston engines, jet engine failure probability is not affected by the thrust or the size of the engine: Therefore, the probability of an engine failure is now higher on a quad-jet than on a twin-jet.

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 26. Jet engine reliability More than 40 years of jet operations have shown that unlike piston engines, jet engine failure probability is not affected by the thrust or the size of the engine: Therefore, the probability of an engine failure is now higher on a quad-jet than on a twin-jet.

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 27. The introduction in the 1980s of twin aircraft (A310, B767) powered with modern (fuel efficient) turbofan engines made the old 60/90 minute rules inadequate:.

1984: ICAO ETOPS study group amend Annex 6 1985: FAA publishes first ETOPS regulation to address 120 min operations 1985: first ETOPS operation (SIA/A310 - TWA/B767).

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 29. In 1988, the Authorities published rules for 180 minutes ETOPS based on the very good experience with 120 minutes operations: today, ETOPS operation is representing over 60% of North Atlantic operations Regulatory discussions are on-going to assess:.

extension of the ETOPS limit beyond 180 minutes increase of the non-ETOPS threshold above 60 minutes.

Where does ETOPS apply?. POP QUESTION.

JorAMCo Training Center JTC. 32. AIRCRAFT ETOPS TYPE DESIGN APPROVAL Before an airline can even contemplate operating an aircraft under ETOPS conditions, the aircraft must first have either been designed or modified and approved to meet the more stringent ETOPS certification requirements..

It is therefore the responsibility of the aircraft manufacturer to ensure that the aircraft's design satisfies the ETOPS regulations..

To meet all these requirements, it is convenient to split the aircraft ETOPS Type Design Approval into two parts: a) ETOPS type design eligibility. b) ETOPS type design capability..

a) ETOPS Type Design Eligibility The following design considerations must be introduced: • Propulsion system reliability Propulsion system reliability is the most vital aspect of ETOPS and must be sufficient to ensure that the probability of a double engine failure from independent causes is lower than defined limits (this requirement establishes a maximum In-Flight Shutdown (IFSD) rate of 0.02/1000 engine hours for 180-minute ETOPS)..

• Electrical power sources redundancy A sufficient number of reliable, independent and non-time-limited electrical power sources (at least three) must be available to ensure that basic aircraft functions including communication, navigation and basic flight instrumentation (such as altitude, airspeed, attitude and heading) remain available..

Engines and APU electrical generators must provide full technical electrical power availability throughout the normal flight envelope. Every Airbus ETOPS aircraft is equipped with an emergency/standby generator which gives a total of four independent generators. The design intent is to obtain dispatch flexibility when conducting an ETOPS mission.

• APU design APU must be designed to have air start capability throughout the normal flight envelope and cold start capability at all certified operating temperatures within flight duration limitations..

• Emergency/standby electrical generator design In the event of any single failure or combination of failures, electrical power is still provided for essential equipments. All information provided to the flight crew remains sufficiently accurate for the intended operation. •.

Minimum crew workload In the event of a single failure or any combination of system failures, indications of residual system capabilities should be such that the flight crew have the necessary information to make decisions or diversions at any point on the route. Crew workload should be kept to an acceptable level..

System redundancy During single—engine operations, the remaining electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic power should continue to be available at levels necessary for safe flight and landing Hydraulic Electrical Pneumatic (5) Pneumatic (A330) Normal 3 systems 1 RAT back-up 4 - 1 APU - 1 standby (4) 2 air bleed sources - 2 ergines 3 air bleed sources One engine shutdown 3 systems ( 1 ) 1 RAT back-up 3 engine (2) 1 APU (3) 1 standby (4) I air bleed — I engine 2 air bleed sources ( 1 ) One affected system can be restored by power transfer unit (2) Full electrical capabil (3) APU operation restores redundancy and independence of electrical generation (4) ETOPS modification for A310-200/A300-600 Any air source has cabin pressurization and anti-ice capability. A310,'A300-600 and A319.'A320/A321 Any air Need source has cabin pressurization and Wing anti—ice capability. (not simultaneously for APU bleed) NOTE. For A330, the APU to 22 500ft. air bleed extraction in flight is certified up.

b) ETOPS Type Design Capability After the manufacturer has demonstrated that its aircraft design is "eligible“ for ETOPS, it must then show that the aircraft/engine combination has attained a sufficient reliability level based on in-service experience..

Generally, the authorities require in the order of 100 000 to 250 000 engine flying hours of experience in order to obtain statistically viable reliability analysis ..

In-service aircraft The tables here below give the ETOPS certification status for in—service Airbus models -620 A300B4-622 4-eosR 10-222 A.310-322 10-324 A310-325 10-203 A310-204 10-304 JT90-7R4 H 1 p•W4 •1 SO cF6-eoC2A cF6-eoC2AS JT90-7R4 •152 CF6-80A3 JT90-7R4 E 01 JT90-7R4 E 1 JT90-7R4 JT90-7R4 AS-10.

Operational approval. A3f9.

Is ETOPS required ? Before approaching the Airworthiness Authorities, the operator should clearly define if and where he needs ETOPS operations. This is obvious for some routes (when crossing the Atlantic Ocean for example), but this could be less obvious when, for example, flying over desert area, and then, a study should be done..

This study can be done in the following order 1. determine the route(s) to be used and clearly draw it (them), 2. determine the `Adequate Airport(s), and add them on the drawing, 3. determine the `Maximum Diversion Distance' with a diversion time of 60 minutes. 4. draw circles using the 60min diversion distance centered on each ‘Adequate Airport’,.

Using the table of the FCOM and the weight defined above ,determine the ‘60 Min’ distance for a given speed schedule (use VMO if no limiting obstacles) and the associated optimum flight level for diversion.

60 Min Maximum diversion distance: 2 possibilities to calculate this distance a.1 First method: a.1.1: 1er step − Determine the Maximum takeoff weight (use MTOW from the Flight Manual or take off weight limited by the runway or take off weight limited by max landing weight). -..

a.1.2: 2nd step (use of a lighter Reference Weight) − Reference Weight calculation : Determine the Critical Point if required, use the '60 Min‘ circles defined above (1st step) to estimate the location of the CP. Then determine the associated Reference Weight. −.