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ERIK ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY.

4. Met Sigmund Freud and studied Psychoanalysis with Freud's daughter, Anna Freud 5. Studied young people in different cultures 6. Became interested in how young people acquire a personal identity and how society helps shape it.

Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust • Children are completely dependent on others — Trust: Established when babies given adequate warmth, touching, love, and physical care — Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or unpredictable care and by cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents —1 year Birth -.

Stage Two: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt • Autonomy: Doing things for themselves • Overprotective or ridiculing parents may cause children to doubt abilities and feel shameful about their actions.

Stage Three: Initiative versus Guilt (3—5) Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving children freedom to play, use imagination, and ask questions Guilt: May occur if parents criticize, prevent play, or discourage a child's questions.

Guidelines for Teachers • Teacher should encourage initiative in pre-school children • Examples — Have a free choice time when children can select any activity or game — Have some costumes and props that go with stories the children enjoy. Encourage the children to act out the stories or make up new adventures for favorite characters.

Stage Four: Industry versus Inferiority (6—12) • Industry: Occurs when child is praised for productive activities, such as painting and building • Inferiority: Occurs if child's efforts are regarded as messy or inadequate.

Guidelines for Teachers • Make sure that students have opportunities to set and work toward their goals • Examples — Begin with short assignments, then move to longer ones. Monitor student progress by setting up progress checkpoints — Have rewards for most improved, most helpful, most hardworking for providing support who seem discouraged.

Stage Five (Adolescence): Identity versus Role Confusion • Identity: For adolescents; problems answering, "Who am l?" • Role Confusion: Occurs when adolescents are unsure of where they are going and who they are.

Guidelines for Teachers Give students many models for career choices and other adult roles Examples — Invite guest speakers to describe how and why they choose their profession — Encourage them to talk to school counselors — Be tolerant with teenage and don't impose strict dress and hair codes — Give students realistic feedback about themselves.

Stage Seven (Middle ulthood): Generativity versus Stagnation Generativity: Interest in guiding the next generation Stagnation: When one is only concerned with one's own needs and comforts.

Stage Eight (Late Adulthood): Integrity versus Despair . Self—respect; developed when people have lived richly and responsibly • Despair: Occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret; experiences heartache and remorse cont. ...

Stage Eight (Late Adulthood): Integrity versus Despair 1. This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. 2. Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair..