AGRICULTURE

Banasthali Vidyapith B.Ed. I Semester, December 2021-22 Practicum II Paper : EDU 446 - Pedagogy of Social Science I Topic : AGRICULTURE Submitted To : Submitted By : Mrs. Vandana Sharma Mamta Choudhary Department Of B.Ed. 1st Semester, Education Roll no. - 2141029.

AGRICULTURE. CLASS 8 ( Geography, Social Science) CHAPTER - IV.

Topics to be covered:. What is agriculture? Factors influencing agriculture Agriculture as a system Types of farming Comparison between them.

INTRODUCTION. What is Agriculture ? A. The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock . The transformation from a plant to a finished product involving three types of economic activities- primary, secondary and tertiary activities . India is an agriculturally significant country. Nearly 50% of the people in world are engaged in agriculture. Two-thirds of the population is engaged in agricultural activities- India has a rural economy. Agriculture produces most of the food we consume along with raw materials for various industries and some of the products are exported as well..

FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE. Agricultural development depends on different factors such as: Climate: Temperature & rainfall of a place are most important factors. Certain crops need hot and wet climate to grow , for eg., Rice; while others grow in drier cooler climates like Wheat. Soil: Kind of soil affects the growth of type of crops. Clayey Soil : retain water, suitable for growing crops like rice & cotton. Fertile Alluvial Soil : ideal for agriculture and supports more kinds of crops; River banks are heavily cultivated. Sandy Soil : allow water to seep through rapidly; more suited for groundnuts and millets. Relief: Flat land like plains, valleys and flat top of plateaus and deltas are best suited for agriculture than the mountains. Hilly areas are more suited for cattle rearing and for crops that need well drained soils Other factors : Availability of irrigation facilities, size of land holdings, transport facilities etc affect agriculture as well..

FARM SYSTEM. SYSTEM. INPUTS. PROCESSES. OUTPUT. SEEDS.

ACTIVITIES A FARMER HAS TO DO. PLOUGH THE FIELD. SOW THE SEEDS.

TYPES OF FARMING. SUBSISTENCE FARMING. COMMERCIAL FARMING.

SUBSISTENCE FARMING. Practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family. Nothing is left for sale. Traditionally, low levels of technology and household labour are used III. Very small output It can be further classified into: INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING.

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING. Small plot of land, simple tools and more labour Practise intensive methods of cultivation, like using manure and artificial irrigation and better quality seeds to get maximum yield from the land. Longer days of sunshine and fertile soils - more than one crop annually on the same plot Crops- Rice, wheat, maize, pulses and Oilseeds Prevalent in thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast and east Asia . Absence of alternate source of livelihood Huge pressure on agricultural land.

PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING. Practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family on a small patch of land Traditionally, low levels of technology and large amount of household labour are used Farming depends on : monsoon, natural fertility of soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops Very small output PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE.

‘SLASH AND BURN’ AGRICULTURE. a) Practised in the North-east India mainly. b) The Process : c)Advantage : This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. d)Disadvantage : Land productivity is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or any other modern inputs..

MAP SHOWING AREAS OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION WORLDWIDE.

NOMADIC HERDING. a) Practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India – Rajasthan, Kashmir b) The Process: Herdsmen move from one place to another with the animals for fodder and water The movement is along defined routes and in response to climatic constraints and terrain c)Animals reared: sheep, camel, yak and goats. They also provide milk, meat, wool, hides and other products to the herders.

COMMERCIAL FARMING. Crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market Area and amount of Capital is huge , most of the work is done by machines Use of higher doses of modern inputs: HYV seeds Chemical fertilisers Insecticides and pesticides Degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from place to place Plantation is one of its types..

COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING/ EXTENSIVE FARMING. Crops are grown for commercial purpose Mainly grown in temperate grasslands of N . America, Europe and Asia, Australia and S. America. These are sparsely populated areas with large farms spreading over hundreds of hectares Severe winters restrict the growing season and only single crop can be grown..

MIXED FARMING. Land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock. It is practised in Europe, eastern USA Argentina , southeast Australia, and South Africa . Ranching : Animals are raised for meat or wool on privately owned land, along with the use of some public land. The practice is common in Australia, western USA and Tibet. In India, ranching is prevalent in the hilly regions that are rich in pastures..

MAP SHOWING AREAS OF PLANTATION AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE.

DAIRY FARMING. MAP SHOWING AREAS OF DAIRY FARMING WORLDWIDE.

COMPARISON. SUBSISTENCE FARMING COMMERCIAL FARMING Practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family. Crops are not sold. Crops are grown and animals are reared only for sale in the market It is a traditional method of using low levels of technology and household labour, use of simple tools and no use of machines. The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is greater with use of modernised machines. Generally found in areas with more population with the rainfall experienced from monsoon. More than one crop is grown. Generally found in areas that are sparsely populated with large farms spreading over a larger area. Only one crop is grown..

Exercises. 1. Name the different cropping seasons. Differentiate between Kharif and Rabi Seasons. 2. List down all points of differences between agriculture in India and USA. 3. What is Agricultural Development? How can it be achieved? 4.Why are millets hardy crops? 5. What are the requirements of Maize and what is it used for? 6. With respect to the main food crop in the India, answer the following: Which countries are the largest & second largest producers? Its requirements Areas of Cultivation 7. What is the main reason behind the success of Rabi crops in India? 8. Name the 3 crops of Paddy. 9. Differentiate between Primary and Tertiary sectors. Define: Sericulture and Horticulture Explain Farm System. What are the different types of Farming? What are the advantages and disadvantages of Shifting Cultivation? Why is Subsistence Farming practised in thickly populated & monsoon regions? Why is Nomadic Herding practised in Arid & semi arid regions of the world? Why only one crop is grown in case of commercial grain farming? How is mixed farming economically important? Why is development of network very essential for Plantation?.

Reference. https://leverageedu.com/blog/class-8-agriculture/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5lAc_lftQc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfw0qxMw9nM https://byjus.com/ncert-solutions-class-8-social-science-geography-chapter-4-agriculture/ https://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-8/social-science/geography-chapter-4/ https://www.learninsta.com/ncert-solutions-for-class-8-social-science-geography-chapter-4/.

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