Druze

[Audio] ﻣﺮﺣﺒﺎ Druze Donia A. Ebrahim-Sama Wael-Omnia Mokhtar -Angie Arafa-Seif Ashraf- Sara Samir- Menna Hussein Molecular biotechnology.

[Audio] Table of contents Omnia: Druze in Syria Donia: Introduction 01 03 Sama: Habits and Traditions 02 Seif: Druze in Jordan 04 06 05 07 Menna: Druze in Lebanon Sara: Their religious belief's Angie: Druze in Israel.

[Audio] Who are the Druze ?. Who are the Druze ?.

[Audio] Introduction The Druze faith originated in Egypt as an offshoot of Ismaʿīlī Shīʿism when, during the reign of the sixth Fāṭimid caliph, the eccentric al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh (ruled 996–1021), some Ismaʿīlī theologians began to organize a movement proclaiming al-Ḥākim a divine figure. Although the idea was probably encouraged by al-Ḥākim himself, it was condemned as heresy by the Fāṭimid religious establishment, which held that al-Ḥākim and his predecessors were divinely appointed but not themselves divine. In 1017 the doctrine was publicly preached for the first time, causing riots in Cairo.

[Audio] The two groups of Druze: The Druze are divided into two groups: al-Juhhal ("the ignorant") and al Uqqal ("the knowledgeable"). Al-Juhhal --> represents the majority of their members, approximately 80% of the community, and is the"unlearned" group. They do not have access to the holy writings of the faith, do not attend the religious meetings, and in general are not expected to follow the ascetic tenets followed by the al-Uqqal. Al-Uqqal --> are the learned minority. Men and women (both included in the al-Uqqal) adopt a more stringent dress code, and the spiritual leaders of the community arise from the most influential 5% of this group. The Druze forbid polygamy and marriage outside of their religion. Equality between men and women, in marriage and in religious life, is an important part of their tradition. Women are encouraged to participate in daily prayer, can take part in religious ceremonies, and are able to initiate divorce..

[Audio] The Druze are more than 1 million in the early 21 st century and they live mostly in Lebanon, Syria and Israel with smaller communities in other countries. They call themselves "Muwahideen" or "declarers of oneness".

[Audio] "Habits and traditions". "Habits and traditions".

[Audio] • A religious sect that emerged in the 1st century persuaded the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim to command God! • It is considered an esoteric identity that believes in solutions, reincarnation, and transmigration. Its origin goes back to the Tanukhis who migrated after the collapse of Marib. • They deny all the prophets, and some of them believe in only five, and they believe that Christ is their leader, Hamza bin Ali. • They abuse the money of other sects, deny the Qur'an, and claim that it is fabricated, and that it was written by Salman al-Farsi..

[Audio] • The resurrection, according to them, is the return of the ruler by the command of God, leading them to destroy the Kaaba and rule the world, and they believe that the ruler by the command of God sent five prophets, Hamza, Ismail, Muhammad al-Kalima, Baha' and Abu alKhair. • They deprive daughters of inheritance, and prohibit polygamy. • Breastfeeding brothers marry, while they forbid marriage from other religions. • They make pilgrimages to the Mariam Church in Maaloula in Damascus, and they do not reveal the secrets of their faith..

[Audio] " Their religious beliefs .". “ Their religious beliefs .”.

[Audio] •consider faith to be representation of judaism, christianity and islamic •believe that rituals and ceremonies make pepole turn away from pure faith •do not celebrate rituals •religion is secret and closed to converts •basis of faith is handed down generation to generation.

[Audio] • In order for a person to become a Druze, they must take a pact on the person called the Pact of the Guardian of the Time, which is an eternal covenant in which a person becomes a Druze on the Imamate of Hamza and rejects other religions, and he must follow the Seven Commandments • The sincerity of the tongue. • Save the Brotherhood. • Leave the worship of nothingness and slander. • Innocence of clothing and tyranny. • Monotheism to Molam in every era and time. • Satisfaction with what their Lord did. • Delivery to the command of their master in the secret and the two events..

[Audio] Druze in syria. Druze in syria.

[Audio] The number of Druze in Syria has reached about 700,000 people, according to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and it is estimated that Syria includes between 40% to 50% of the total adult Druze Unitarians. Most of them live in As-Suwayda Governorate, the Druze Unitarians made up about 90% of the population. About 250,000 Druze monotheists reside in the suburbs of Damascus, while about 30,000 of them reside on the eastern side of Jabal al-Sheikh, and about 25,000 of them live in fourteen villages in Jabal al-Samaq, northeast of Idlib..

[Audio] The history of the Druze Unitarians in Syria dates back about a thousand years, and at a period of time they had a key role in the region, they fought the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and won the trust of the Ayyubids and Zinkis who strengthened their presence in the region and took over many leadership tasks They later continued the battles with the Mamluks against the Tatars and Mongols in the Battle of Ain Goliath, and then sided with the Ottomans against Muhammad Ali's campaign against the Levant.Then the Druze Unitarians revolted against the Ottoman Sultanate because the latter tried several times to control the mountain. In 1911, the Ottomans executed the leaders of the mountain after tightening their control over it, led by the taste of Al-Atrash and Yahya Amer..

[Audio] Its relationship with the state and government One of the habits of the Unitarians is fidelity to their country in which they live and do not aspire to secede or form a body independent of Mother Syria. This is what the Sultan of Al-Atrash did when he was offered independence in the state of (Jabal AlDruze), but he rejected the temptations and sentenced him to death by the French and then resorted to Wadi Sarhan in Jordan to stay in the desert for many years with many close to him, so he lived a difficult life until he was pardoned under popular pressure at the time, to return to his small village (Al-Qaria)..

[Audio] Druze in Lebanon. Druze in Lebanon.

[Audio] The largest concentration of Druze in the present day is in Lebanon. The communities are located along the western edges of the Lebanon Mountains as well as in the southeastern portion of the country in Hasbaya, Rashaya, Chouf, Aley, Marjayoun, and Beirut. Druze politicians have a prominent role in the political life in Lebanon, and this has emerged in recent decades, through Kamal Jumblatt, his son Walid Jumblatt, and Prince Majid Arslan. Kamal Jumblatt, a prominent Druze leader, enjoyed broad appeal through his charisma..

[Audio] Its relationship with the state and government The Druze ruled the state of Mount Lebanon during the Ottoman era, but their role began to recede since the civil war of 1840, which resulted in the division of the state into two governors, Maronite and Druze. The role continued to decline after the 1860 war,, until the French Mandate era began. With the end of the civil war, the Druze were "prevented" from assuming any sovereign or basic portfolio, rather their role was limited to service or secondary ministries, such as the displaced, health, education, and others. Despite the presence of many competencies in the ranks of this sect, and despite the fact that a number of its personalities assumed important positions abroad, internal and political interests played a role in obscuring their assumption of any major position in power..

[Audio] Druze in Jordan. Druze in Jordan.

[Audio] The Druze in Jordan were known among the Jordanian clans, and in Jordanian society as the "Bani Maarouf clan," and they are the Banu The Druze are well known. Regarding the number of Druze in Jordan, it is estimated that their number ranges from 12 thousand to 14 thousand people who currently reside in Azraq, Amman, Zarqa and Mafraq. The Druze came to Jordan from different parts of the Arab countries such as Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. Sheikh Abu Rashrash Muhammad Salman Atta was. The first to take Azraq Castle as a place of permanent residence, and the first to establish the presence of the Druze in Jordan in the late eighteenth century The Druze were present in the north of Jordan in the town of Umm al-Quteen They were also present in Northern Azraq, which is the main center of Bani Maarouf in Jordan Among their political figures was Rashid Talee, the first prime minister in the Emirate of Transjordan. It is noteworthy that the Druze in Jordan are not treated as a minority, as are the Chechens, Circassians, Kurds, Armenians, and the rest of the existing minorities. As for their spread in Jordan, it is in several cities, the most important and largest of which are the city of Umm al-Qattin and the city of Azraq..

[Audio] Some of them worked in the construction and contracting sectors and achieved great success. The first government established in Jordan was in 1921, headed by Rashid Talee, a prominent Druze figure. During the period in which Rashid Talee formed the first government in Jordan, many Druze personalities assumed important positions in Jordan, including Princess Adel Arslan, who held the position of Chief of Staff. Lessons cannot have an impact on political life due to their lack of numbers He confirms that the lessons got equal opportunities within the Jordanian society, and they do not feel that there is injustice against the Druze, but rather that their opportunities are equal with others..

[Audio] Druze in Israel. Druze in Israel.

[Audio] The position of the Druze community in Israel is fraught with contradictions as it is one of the most integrated groups within the Jewish state but also suffers from discrimination as a minority group. In the past 10 years, the position of the Druze community in Israel has risen as: The Position of the Druze Community in Israeli Society Ø In 2012, the first Druze Israeli diplomat. Ø In 2018, Knesset enacted an official day for recognition of the achievements of the Druze community. Ø In 2019, the first female Druze parliamentarian was elected, before being appointed in 2021 as the first Druze emissary for the Jewish Agency. Gadeer Mreeh.

[Audio] As citizens of Israel, the Israeli Druze have a right to vote in local and national elections. However, unlike the larger Arab minority, the Druze vote is more diverse in which parties it supports in the Israeli Parliament (Knesset). The Position of the Druze Community in Israeli Society In addition, the matriculation rate among Druze students rose from 53.5% to 82.5% in 10 years, putting it above the national average as well as above the rate of matriculation among Jewish students..

[Audio] The Position of the Druze Community in Israeli Society A Covenant of Blood However, as a minority, members of the Druze community have suffered discrimination in the private sector, such as in housing and companies' hiring processes. Today, 83% of Druze men serve in the military, with 60% serving in combat units—rates that are higher than those of the Jewish population. In the early years of the state, some Druze men volunteered for military service in a special "non-Jewish" unit established under the IDF in 1948. Compulsory military service was extended to Druze men in 1956 by the request of a few key Druze leaders..

[Audio] The Position of the Druze Community in Israeli Society In the past few years, one of the most striking depictions of the complex position of the Druze community in Israel has been the enactment of the "Nation-State Law" in 2018. دوﻟﺔ إﺳراﺋﯾل اﻟﻘوﻣﯾﺔﻟﻠﺷﻌب اﻟﯾﮭودي.

[Audio] References : https://www.britannica.com/topic/Druze https://alrai.com/article/202621/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%82/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8% AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 https://al-amama.com/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86/ Who Are the Druze? | International Fellowship of Christians and Jews (ifcj.org).

[Audio] References : https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/druze-syria https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahU KEwii_bTbm4f_AhUEVfEDHXDDDxwQFnoECCoQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irfaasawtak.com% 2Fminorities%2F2022%2F10%2F31%2F%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D9%2586%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1&usg=AOvVaw07A 3t5kMEItmBtyR55NJrt.

[Audio] Druze in Isreal references: https://jewishcurrents.org/the-manipulation-of-a-minority https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/03/21/5-facts-about-israeli-druze-a-uniquereligious-and-ethnic-group/ - :~:text=They make up roughly 2,Carmel and the Golan Heights.&text=Nine-in-ten Israeli Druze,are proud to be Druze. https://www.iataskforce.org/sites/default/files/resource/resource-1558.pdf https://honestreporting.com/controversy-over-israel-nation-state-law/ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/world/middleeast/israel-law-jews-arabic.html https://www.timesofisrael.com/druze-lead-israel-in-high-school-matriculation-haredibedouin-schools-lag-behind/.