COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING. Ernie Boy P. Dinapo, RCrim. Top 4 December 2022 CLE.

COMPARATIVE an estimate of relative likeness or unlikeness of two objects or event Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another. POLICING This is the practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement and for the security of the community It is the practice by the police officers for the maintenance of peace and order..

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM. Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to discover insights in the field of international policing. It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings, and methods of policing of various nations. This study covers the comparison of selected police models and their relation with Interpol and UN Bodies in the campaign against transnational crimes..

Why do. we need to compare police. systems? to benefit from the experience of others. to broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to the problems. to help us deal with many transnational crime problems that plague our world today..

Two Comparing Method. SAFARI METHOD the researcher visits another country. COLLABORATIVE METHOD the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher..

GLOBALIZATION is a package of transnational flow people, production, investment, information, ideas, and authority. growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas. The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a global economy. Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. a process by which regional economies, societies, cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation and trade..

The Effects of Globalization Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things produced in any part of the world.There are a lot of international brands operating worldwide. Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world earlier. You can find people in several countries dressing up like Westerners. Food is another good example. Young people especially are eating more of American or Chinese foods than their own cultural dishes..

Legislation: There has been an increase in the establishment of International courts of justice where someone accused could be dealt with in any part of the world. Interpol is another example of Internal law enforcement agency. Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use English instead as there is an idea that it makes them superior in some way. This might also help them in job searches and etc..

Information: With the wide use of internet and other kinds of information technology, it has become much easier and faster to share information worldwide. Live TV channels are another good example of quick information sharing. Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside the country. The International Monetary Fund is a good example of an International Institute which lends money to countries in need for finance..

Politics: Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole world, not only their country. The United States is an example of a country that influences the whole of the world politics..

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION to Law Enforcement. •. law enforcers are expected.

Threats on Law Enforcement increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocide and mass killing. the underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanism on law enforcement and security. conflict between nation transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism..

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY – is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY – is that crime is everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas ghettos and slums..

OPPORTUNITY THEORY – is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for crime multiply. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY – is based on the event when greater number of children are being born..

6.. problem as society becoming. MODERNIZATION THEORY – sees too.

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE. Home Rule Theory The theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the community or the people who rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the express of needs of the people. Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is preservation of public peace and security..

Continental Theory Is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of higher authorities This theory prevail in European countries where governmental organization follows CENTRALIZED pattern e.g. Spain, Italy and France. The people have no share or little participation with the duties nor connection with the police organization..

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE. OLD POLICE SERVICE/CONCEPT Police service gives the impression of being merely suppressive machinery. States that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrest made. MODERN POLICE SERVICE/CONCEPT This thought of police service regards police as the first line of defense, an organ of crime prevention. States that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime..

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEMS. COMMON LAW SYSTEMS Usually exists in English speaking countries of the world such as US, England, Australia and New Zealand There is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point Also known as “Anglo-American Justice” CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS Practiced throughout most European Union such as Sweden, Germany, France and Japan Distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation Also known as “Continental Justice or Romano- Germanic Justice”.

SOCIALIST SYSTEMS distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender. known as “Marxist-Leninist Justice” and exist in places such as Africa and Asia. ISLAMIC SYSTEMS based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions. Also known as “Muslim or Arabic justice”, and derive all their procedures and practices from the interpretation of the Koran..

TYPES COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM Adversarial – where the accused is innocent until proven guilty. Inquisitorial – where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated.

4 Kinds of Societies in the World 1. Folk-Communal Society.

3. Urban- Industrial Society - Not only has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become specialized how to handle property crimes 4. Bureaucratic Society - Has system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political crimes and terrorism.

Policing - is one of the most important of the functions undertaken by the very sovereign government. Police is an inevitable organ which would ensure maintenance of law and order first link in CJS. Police force is a symbol of brute force of authority and at the same time protector from crime. Basic Goals of Policing Enforce Law Preserve Peace Prevent Crime Protect civil rights, liberties Provide services.

Three Styles of Policing (by James Q. Wilson) 1. Watchman Style Policing - highlights peace, without aggressive law enforcement and with a few control over officers that does ranking and filing. Deals with maintaining order and law. - one example of watchman style is, if kids are out past curfew the officer may not intervene with them at all..

2. Legalistic Style - completely opposite of the watchmen style of policing. Deals with aggressive crime fighting and tries to control officers behavior through a rule bound..

3. Service Style - normally found in suburban police department where small amount of crimes relatively happen. - has similar characteristics as watchman style and legalistic style but focuses mainly on service to the community and citizens. Example: Try to intervene by taking them home or calling their parents..

According to Structure. 1. Centralized Policing System - A system wherein there is only one police force that is recognized and operates entirely a certain country. Decentralized Policing System A police system wherein police administration and operation are independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government..

According to approach. Problem – Oriented Policing A model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from happening. This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns of crime to help understand when and how crimes are being committed. POP – coined by HERMAN GOLDSTEIN.

The SARA Model builds on Herman Goldstein’s Problem-Oriented Policing and was developed and coined by John Eck and William Spelman (1987). The acronym SARA stands for: SCANNING – identify and prioritize the problem ANALYSIS – pinpoint the cause of problem based on data RESPONSE – action plan or intervention ASSESSMENT – evaluate the effectiveness.

Intelligence- LED Policing (often shortened to ILP) is a practice that leverages technological advances in both data collection and analytics to generate valuable “intelligence” that can be used to more efficiently direct law enforcement resources to the people and places where they are likely to do the most good. The Police should actively gather information about criminals and their organization..

Reactive or Traditional Policing Can be defined as the police responding to specific request from the individual or groups in the community. the opposite of Pro Active policing. 4. Pro Active Policing - Aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers take the initiative against crime instead of waiting for criminals acts to occur..

Predictive policing Includes predictive and analytical techniques in law enforcement to identify potential offenders. It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytical techniques to identify possible criminal activity..

6. Reassurance Policing - Emphasizing the police’s communication of positive image to the public, that the public is reassured by the police being visibly present within communities, and that they are accessible and familiar faces. 7. Community Oriented Policing - programs designed to bring the police and the public closer together and create more cooperative working environment between them..

8. Democratic Policing -The police are accountable to the rule of law and the community, respect the rights and guarantee the security of all citizens in a non-discriminatory manner..

Two Dimensions on Different Method of Policing SINGULAR MODEL - the entire police force in the country is organized as a single force under a single commander. MULTIPLE MODEL - in a single country there are number of Police Forces..

INSIDE THE MULTIPLE MODEL. - If the police forces have well defines territories of functioning and their functions do not overlap each other the model is called MULTIPLE COORDINATED. If the case is reverse where many agencies can have overlapping jurisdictions it is called MULTIPLE UNCOORDINATED..

PHILIPPINES BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM Ancient roots - The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieftains to select able-bodied young men to protect their barangay during the night and were not required to work in the fields during daytime. Among the duties of those selected were to protect the properties of the people in the barangay and protect their crops and livestock from wild animals..

SPANISH PERIOD. CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICA – organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department of State; this was armed with carbines and considered as the mounted police; years after, this kind of police organization discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police. In 1781, it was given the special commission of government custodies of the tobacco monopoly. - By Royal decree of December 20, 1842, it was organized and called Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica (Corps of Carabines for Public Safety). This was the 1st group to be arm with rifle in the history of Philippine Police System..

GUARDRILLEROS/CUARDILLO – this was a body of rural police by the Royal Decree of 18 January 1836, this decree provided that 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this police organization for three years. GUARDIA CIVIL – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852 to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns, it consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capitals of the central provinces of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor..

AMERICAN PERIOD. Act No. 70 - Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized ACT 175 - “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary” established on August 8, 1901. ACT 255 - renaming Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary CAPT. HENRY ALLEN – the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901 ACT 183 – enacted on July 13, 1901, created the Manila Police Department..

POST-AMERICAN PERIOD. R.A. 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Act of 1966, enacted on August 8, 1966; created the Police Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police forces under the Office of the President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).

MARTIAL LAW PERIOD. P.D. 765 – otherwise known. August 8, 1975; established.

POST MARTIAL LAW REGIME. R.A. 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College. R.A. 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended certain provisions of RA 6975. RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August 2009..

IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING BGEN RAFAEL CRAME - The first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary on December 17, 1917 COL ANTONIO TORRES - The first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1935 COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA - The first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946 appointed by Fidel Ramos P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO - The first chief of the Philippine National Police..

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG) formerly Department of Local Government (DLG) reorganized under R.A. 6975 NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION (NAPOLCOM) formerly Police Commission (POLCOM) an agency attached to the DILG for policy coordination. shall exercise administrative control and operational supervision over the PNP..

MODIFIED PNP RANK CLASSIFICATION PREVIOUS DIRECTOR GENERAL DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT SUPERINTENDENT CHIEF INSPECTOR SENIOR INSPECTOR INSPECTOR SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 4 SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 3 SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 2 SENIOR POLICE OFFICER POLICE OFFICER 3 POLICE OFFICER 2 POLICE OFFICER 1 NEW POLICE GENERAL POUCE LIEUTANT POLICE MAJOR GENERAL POLICE BRIGADIER GENERAL POLICE COLONEL POLICE LIEUTENANT COLONEL POLICE MAJOR POLICE CAPTAIN POLICE LIEUTENANT POLICE EXECUTIVE MASTER SERGEANT POLICE CHIEF MASTER SERGEANT POLICE SENIOR MASTER SERGEANT POLICE MASTER SERGEANT POLICE STAFF SERGEANT POLICE CORPORAL PATROLMAN / PATROLWOMAN ABBREVIATIONS PGEN PLTGEN PMGEN PBGEN PCOL PLTCOL PMAJ PCPT PEMS PCMS PSMS PMSg PSSg pcpl 4.

LONDON. METROPOLITAN POLICE organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829) the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London Police and the British Transport Police) finest police force around the world. TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police Commissioner = highest rank Police Constable = lowest rank.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Types of US Police CITY POLICE - mainly responsible for enforcing the law in their own city. In most cities in USA, who appoints the head of the police department in cities? MAYOR What is the largest city police department in the United States? NYPD.