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'd c Quality and Excellence in Education! Easy Spanish STEP-BY-STEP Master High-Frequency Grammar for Spanish Proficiency—FAST! * Learn Spanish in 15 quick.and.easy steps Achieve ganvnar mastery with ISO exercises and readings Gain confiderxe In your comrsatlon skRIs even if pu are an absolute b"inner Barbara Bregstein.

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For more information about this title, click here Contents Preface ix Guide to Pronunciation xi The Alphabet xvi Greetings and Salutations xvi Elements of a Sentence Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives 3 I 1 2 The Gender of Nouns and the Definite Article 3 Singular Nouns 3 Plural Nouns 6 The Indefinite Article 7 Singular Indefinite Articles 7 Plural Indefinite Articles 8 Adjectives 9 Singular Form of Adjectives 9 Plural Form of Adjectives 12 Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns Subject Pronouns 14 EStar (to be) 15 Ser (to be) 18 Reading Comprehension La casa 25 14.

iv 3 4 5 6 Contents Hay, Interrogative Words, Days, and Months Hay 27 Interrogative Words 29 Prepositions 31 Days of the Week, Months, and Seasons 32 Reading Comprehension Un pueblo colonial 33 Reading Comprehension El cine 39 Numbers, Dates, and Time 40 Cardinal Numbers 40 Ordinal Numbers 44 The Date 46 Telling Time 47 Reading Comprehension El restaurante 51 Reading Comprehension El oficio de la casa 54 Regular Verbs 56 Uses of the Present Tense 56 -Ar Verbs 57 -Er Verbs 62 -Ir Verbs 64 -Ar and -er Verbs with More than One Meaning 66 Reading Comprehension Una escuela en México 68 Irregular Verbs 70 -Ar Verbs 70 -Erverbs 72 -IrVerbs 75 Reading Comprehension El tren 79 27.

7 8 Contents Ir and the Future 82 Ir (to go) 82 The Future with the Verb ir 83 Idioms 85 Idioms with the Verb tener 85 Other Idioms 87 Useful Words: que and para 89 The Relative Pronoun que 89 The Conjunction que 89 The Preposition para 90 Key Vocabulary 91 Las panes del cuerpo (Parts of the Body) La familia 92 Tme Expressions with hacer 93 Reading Comprehension La cita 99 91 Adjectives and Adverbs 102 Possessive Adjectives 102 Demonstrative Adjectives 104 Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns 105 Adjectives of Nationality 105 Adjectives That Precede a Noun 108 Comparative Adjectives 113 Superlative Adjectives 114 Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives Comparing Nouns 11 5 Comparing Verbs 11 5 Adverbs 117 Adverbs That Do Not Take the Suffix - Reading Comprehension La fiesta 123 114 mente 119.

vi 9 II 10 11 Contents Negatives and Prepositions 125 Negatives 125 Prepositions 131 Prepositions Followed by Verbs or Nouns 132 Prepositions Followed by Nouns or Pronouns 132 Pronouns That Follow Prepositions 133 The Preposition por 134 Por and para Compared 136 Reading Comprehension El circo 140 Key Vocabulary 141 Nature 141 Weather 142 Reading Comprehension Eltrabajo 149 Objects, Reflexive Verbs, and the Present Subjunctive The Indirect Object 153 Gustar and the Indirect Object 153 Me gusta and me gustan 153 Te gusta and te gustan 155 Le gusta and le gustan 156 Nos gusta and nos gustan 157 Les gusta and les gustan 157 Verbs Like gustar 159 The Indirect Object Pronoun 163 Position of the Indirect Object Pronoun 165 Reading Comprehension Ir de compras 174 Reading Comprehension El viaje 175 The Direct Object 177 The Personal a and the Direct Object 177 Transitive Verbs 178 The Direct Object Pronoun 182 Position of the Direct Object Pronoun 183 The Direct Object Pronoun as a Person 184 The Direct Object Pronoun as a Thing 186 Reading Comprehension La bienvenida 191.

vii 1) 13 Contents Reflexive Verbs 193 The Reflexive Pronouns 193 Some Frequently Used Reflexive Verbs 194 Reflexive Verbs Whose English Translations Do Not Necessarily Include Oneself 195 Position of the Reflexive Pronoun 195 Reflexive Verbs with Parts of the Body and Clothing 197 Reflexive Verbs That Express Emotion 197 Reflexive Verbs That Express Movement 198 Reflexive Verbs That Express "To Become" 199 Most Frequently Used Reflexive Verbs 199 Reflexive Verbs with Reciprocal Meanings 202 Se and Impersonal Expressions 203 Reading Comprehension El encuentro 204 The Present Subjunctive 206 Formation of the Present Subjunctive 206 -Ar verbs 207 -Er and -ir Verbs 208 Irregular Verbs 210 Verbs with Orthographic Changes 210 Uses of the Present Subjunctive 212 After Certain Impersonal Expressions 212 After Certain Verbs 214 After Certain Conjunctions 220 After cuando 221 In Certain Dependent Adjective Clauses 223 After the Expressions por mås que and por mucho que 223 After Ojalå 223 After acaso, quizås, and tal vez 224 After aunque 224 After Compounds of -quiera 224 After como 224 Reading Comprehension La despedida 231.

viii 111) 14 15 Contents Preterit Tense, Imperfect Tense, and Double Object Pronouns The Preterit Tense 235 Formation of the Preterit 235 Regular -ar Verbs 235 Regular -er and -ir Verbs 236 Uses of the Preterit 238 To Express an Action Completed in the Past 238 To Express a Series of Completed Actions in the Past 239 To Express a Condition That Is No Longer in Effect 239 Irregular Verbs 240 -Ir Verbs with Stem Changes in the Third Person 246 Verbs with Orthographic Changes 248 -Ar Verbs 248 -Er and -ir Verbs 251 Verbs with Special Meanings in the Preterit 253 Reading Comprehension En la corte (primera escena) The Imperfect Tense 257 Formation of the Imperfect 257 Regular -ar Verbs 257 Regular -er and -ir Verbs 258 Irregular Verbs 259 Uses of the Imperfect 260 255 To "Set the Stage" in the Past; to Express a Narration, Situation, or Background To Express Habitual, Customary, or Repeated Actions in the Past 260 To Express Continuous Actions in the Past 261 To Express a Description in the Past 261 To Express Point of Origin in the Past 261 To Express Tme in the Past 262 To Express One's Age in the Past 262 Preterit and Imperfect Compared 265 Querer, poder, saber 266 Double Object Pronouns 270 Indirect Object Pronoun with Direct Object Pronoun 270 Reflexive Pronoun with Direct Object Pronoun 278 Se Plus the Indirect Object Pronoun and Unplanned Occurrences 279 Reading Comprehension El juicio (segunda escena) 282 Answer Key 284 Index 300 260.

x Preface explains indirect objects, direct objects, direct object pronouns, reflexive verbs, and the present subjunctive. The third part presents the two most used tenses in the past, the preterit and the imperfect. A student once asked me if Spanish is truly easy. It is, in comparison to any of the other languages of the world. To start with, the pronunciation is easy. Spanish is a phonetically perfect language, which means that once you learn to pronounce each vowel and consonant, you will be able to pro- nounce all words correctly. Before you begin, practice all the sounds out- lined in the Guide to Pronunciation in the following pages. If possible, try to practice with a native speaker. Then, remember to read and answer ques- tions aloud as much as you can to develop your pronunciation. This book is written with a logical approach that makes it accessible, whether you are a self-study learner or a student in an organized teaching program. With Easy Spanish Step-by-Step, you will see that everything falls quickly into place. In a few weeks, you will be able to read and write Span- iSh quite easily. And once you learn the Spanish in this book, you will be able to get along in any Spanish-speaking country. The grammar is standard in all parts of the Spanish-speaking world, and although accents change from place to place, you will get accustomed to the sounds very quickly. Have fun and enjoy using Spanish everywhere you need it. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Nestor Rodriguez, teacher of English and Spanish at City College of New York, for his invaluable contribution to the editing and structure of Fundamental Spanish, upon which Easy Spanish Step-by-Step is based, and for his language insights and expertise. I gratefully acknowl- edge his assistance throughout the development of this book. I would also like to thank Silvia Ballinas, teacher and director of Escuela Experiencia in Tepoztlän, Mexico, Antonio Zea, linguist and professor at Escuela Acacias in Målaga, Spain, Alonia King, Janet Odurns, and Lois Shearer. I would also like to thank all my students from District Council 37 in New York City..

Guide to Pronunciation Guide to Pronunciation xi Spanish spelling is an exact reflection of the pronunciation of the language. The pronunciation of each letter is subject to precise and rules, and words are by adding together the sounds of each individual letter. Vowels The sounds of the vowels are clear and short. the examples. Letter Pronounced like i u the a in father two sounds: the e in café when final the e in set elsewhere the i in machine two sounds: the o in hope the o infor if followed by r the u in rule written as ii when pronounced in güe and güi silent in gue and gui elsewhere Spanish i Consonants b / v the b in boat when they occur at the beginning of a breath group, or following l, m, or n softer elsewhere, produced through slightly opened lips Examples la casa, la tapa, Panama, Canadi elefante, come, vive, verde, que pero, es, hotel sf, cine, comida oso, Otro, hospital doctor, profesor uno, til, puro agiiero, giiira guerra, guitarra y, soy, hay bafio, burro, embargo, alba, el vino, el voto, invierno, vamos Cuba, la boca, Havana, la vaca In Spanish, the b and v have the same sound. The sound of English U does not exist in Spanish. ch the c in cat before a, o, u, or before a consonant the s in sail before e or i the ch in chum camisa, color, concreto centavo, cita, cinco chocolate, chorizo Copyright 0 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use..

xii Letter d f h j k 11 m n P q r Guide to Pronunciation Pronounced like two sounds: the d in dog when it occurs at the beginning of a breath group, or following I or n the th in other elsewhere English f the g in game before a, o, u, or before a consonant the h in hat before e or i silent English h (It can also be given a slightly guttural sound.) English k English l, but with the tip of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth the y in beyond, or in some countries, the s in pleasure English m English n the ny in canyon or the ni in onion English p, but not explosive (without the puff of air in the English sound) the k in key (found only in the combinations que and qui) the dd in ladder (a single tongue flap) The r at the beginning of a word or after l, n, or s is trilled like rr. a trill or tongue roll (There is no equivalent sound in English.) Examples donde, falda, conde boda, poder, verdad, nada, cada, estudio futuro, fila, oficina gato, gusto, grande genio, generoso, gitano hombre, hasta, hablar Juan, Ojo, mujer kayak, ki16metro, kiwi el, hotel, mil, palo caballo, bello, llave menos, cama, marr6n nota, naci6n, nariz mafiana, Espafia, senor papel, persona, pobre Quito, queso, equipo caro, barato, para, hablar rosa, el rio, Enrique, las rosas perro, horrible, carro.

Guide to Pronunciation xiii Letter s t w x z Pronounced like English s English t, but not explosive (with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth) Spanish b (There is no v sound in Spanish.) The letter w exists in Spanish only in words of foreign origin and is not considered part of the Spanish alphabet. English x Spanish II (the y in beyond or, in some countries, the s in pleasure) the s in sail Examples sopa, sala, blusa torta, talento, tesoro experto, examen papaya, papagayo, ayer azul, brazo, luz Stress, Written Accentuation, and Spelling Natural Stress Words that end in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the consonants n or s have their natural stress on the next to last syllable. cucaracha m afiana triste hablo volumen exa men to mates Words that end in any consonant other than n or s have their natural stress on the final syllable. salud amistad papc-l azul cantar doctor nariz.

xiv Written Accents Guide to Pronunciation When a word does not follow one of these two rules, it will have a written accent on the syllable that is stressed. teléfono Jéupara misica café canci6n lecci6n diffcil fåcil If a one-syllable word has a written accent, it means that there is another word in the language that has the same spelling, but another meaning. si tu the your oneself sf sé he yes you I know If a two-syllable word has a written accent that does not affect the pronun- ciation, it means that there is another word that has the same but a different meaning. este ese this that éste ése this one that one Interrogative words have an accent mark that does not affect pronunciation. éque? aquién? what? who? éc6mo? how ? apor qué? why? Gtcuål? which éd6nde? where ? Spelling Changes • z to c Nouns and adjectives that end in z change to c to form the plural. el låpiz la nariz feliz los lipices las narices felices Z followed by a or o changes to c ln•fore an e or i. The sound of z and c are the same. comienza empiezo comience empiece.

Elements of a Sentence Copyright @ 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use..

Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives The Gender of Nouns and the Definite Article A noun is a person, place, or thing. In Spanish, all nouns are either masculine or feminine. In Spanish, the definite article (English the) agrees with the noun in gen- der (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural): el, la, los, Ias. Singular Nouns Masculine The masculine singular noun takes the definite article el. Most nouns that end in -o are masculine. Pronounce the following words aloud. el amigo el banco el bafio el carro el gato the friend the bank the bathmom the car the cat el hermano the brother el libro el muchacho el niho el perro el teléfono el vino Many masculine nouns do not end in -o; therefore, each noun with its article. el animal el café el doctor el hom bre the animal the coffee the doctor the man el hospital el hotel el tomate el tren 3 the book the boy the little boy, the child the dog the telephone the wine it is necessary to learn the hospital the hotel the tomato the train Copyright@ 2W6 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use..

4 Elements of a Sentence Some masculine nouns end in -a or -ma. el clima el dia el drama el idioma el mapa Feminine the climate the day the drama the language the map el planeta el poema el problema el programa el sistema the planet the poem the pmblem the program the system The feminine singular noun takes the definite article la. Most nouns that end in -a are feminine. Pronounce the following words aloud. la amiga la blusa la bolsa la cama la casa la cerveza la comida la hermana la iglesia the fiend the blouse the bag the bed the house the beer the meal the sister the church la limpara la mesa la muchacha la niha la persona la planta la silla la tienda la ventana the lamp the table the gild the little gid the person the plant the chair the store the window Nouns that end in -ci6n, -si6n, -dad, -tad, or -tud are feminine. la canci6n the song la televisi6n the television la conversaci6n the conversation la invitaci6n la lecci6n la ilusi6n the incitation the lesson the illusion la ciudad la verdad la amistad la actitud the city the truth the friendship the attitude A few nouns that end in -o are feminine. la foto la mano la radio the photograph the hand the radio Many feminine nouns do not follow these patterns; therefore, it is impor- tant to learn each noun with its article. la clase la flor la luz the class the flower the light la mujer la piel la suerte the woman the skin the luck.

8 Elements of a Sentence Plural Indefinite Articles The Spanish plural indefinite article (English some) is unos before a mas- culine plural noun and unas before a feminine plural noun. Masculine unos barcos unos gatos reminine unas artistas unas casas some boats some cats unos idiomas unos libros some languages some books unas conversaciones unas flores Exercise 1.3 some (female) artists some houses some conversations some owers Translate the following nouns into English. Remember to practice pronouncing the wo rds. I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12. 13. 14. 15. eI libro Ia pågina Ia casa Ias flores el bafio el vino el muchacho eI hermano la biblioteca eI café el tren el planeta el dentista el jardin la flor.

9 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives Ia cerveza la planta la amistad la verdad la suerte la gerente Ia tienda Ia ventana un museo un espejo una libreria una pluma una leccién una idea una maleta el sillön los amigos Adjectives An adjective is a word that describes a noun. A Spanish adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it modi- fies. In Spanish, an adjective almost always follows the noun it describes. Singular Form of Adjectives Adjectives that end in -o are masculine in form and agree with a masculine noun. As you pronounce the following examples aloud, note that the adjec- tive follows the noun it describes. el libro blanco el gato negrO el carro rojo el muchacho simpåtico el hombre hermoso the white book the black cat the red car the nice boy the handsome man.

Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives fantästico feliz feo fl aco frågil fuerte gordo grande guapo hermoso horrible inteligente fantastic happy ugly thin fragile strong fat big handsome, beautiful beautiful horrible intelligent interesante j oven maravilloso pequefio pobre rico simpåtico sincero tacafio tipico triste Viejo 11 interesting you ng mamelous, wonderful little, small poor rich nice sincere stingy typical sad old Exercise 1.4 Complete the following phrases with the following Spanish adjective. I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. el hombre Ia situaciön el idioma Ia persona Ia flor el jardin la muchacha el vino el apartamento el carro el hotel el clima la hermana el libro la ciudad el hombre el dentista (old) (difficult) (marvelous) (nice) (yellow) (beautiful) (slender) (white) (expensive) (inexpensive) (small) (fantastic) (intelligent) (interesting) (big) (rich) (young).

16 Elements of a Sentence Health Yo estoy bien, gracias. Ella esti enferma. Los doctores estan enfermos. éC6mo estän Uds.? Estamos bien. Changing Mood or Condition La muchacha estå contenta. Estoy feliz. Los hombres estän cansados. Estamos alegres. d Estäs enojado? I am fine, thanks. She is sick. The doctors are sick. How are you? We are well. The girl is happy. I am happy. The men are tired. We are happy. Are you angry? Often the pronouns yo, tü, and nosotros are omitted. This is possible because estoy can only mean I am, estäs means you are whether tü is included or not, and estamos carries the meaning we are. • Personal opinion in terms of taste or appearance When estar is used with food, the English equivalent is taste or tastes. When estar is used with appearance, the English equivalent is look or looks. La comida esti buena. El pescado esti delicioso. La sopa esti sabrosa. Ella esti hermosa hoy. Él esti guapo. The meal is (tastes) good The fish is (tastes) delicious. The soup is (tastes) delicious. She is (looks) pretty today. He is (looks) handsome. A Word About Word Order As you begin learning the basic structure of the Spanish language, you will dis- cover that the word order of English and Spanish is essentially the same for the material covered in Part I, which includes the basic elements of a sentence..

Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns 19 The verb is the same in both cases. But in Spanish, there is a difference, and you have to choose the correct verb. yo soy tri eres él es ella es Ud. es I am you are he is she is you are nosotros somos vosotros sois ellos son ellas son Uds. son we are you are they are they are you are Ser is used to express seven basic concepts: description, profession, point of origin, identification, material, possession or ownership, and where an event takes place. Description La casa es roja. El libro es azul. Los carros son viejos. Somos simpåticos. 8 Es la flor amarilla? Profession Yo soy estudiante. Él es arquitecto. Ellas son maestras excelentes. Somos doctores. Roberto es abogado. 8 Eres tri ingeniero? The house is red. The book is blue. The cars are old. We are nice. Is the flower yellow ? I am a student. He is an architect. They are excellent teachers. We are doctors. RobeH is a lawyej: Are you an engineer? Spanish does not translate a/an when stating an unmodified profession. José es estudiante. Unmodified José es un estudiante fantastico. Modified Point of origin De here means from. 8 De d6nde es Ud.? a De d6nde son Uds.? Yo soy de Nueva York. 8 De c16nde es ella? Somos de Italia. Ellos son de los Estados Unidos. Where are you from? (sing.) Whew are you from? (Pl.) I am from New York. Where is she from? We are fmm Italy. They are from the United States..

20 Elements of a Sentence El vino es de Portugal. La cerveza es de México. El café es de Brazil. The wine is from Pojtugal. The beer is from Mexico. The coffee is from Brazil. In common English usage, we often end a sentence with a preposition, for example, Where are you fitnn? This never occurs in Spanish; the preposition cannot ever end a sentence, so the preposition, in this case de, is placed in front of the interrogative word dönde. Identification Identification specifies characteristics such as relationship, nationality, race, or religion. Somos amig0S• José y Eduardo son hermanos. Pablo es espafiol. 8 Eres cubano? Ella es cat61ica. M aterial De here means of. La mesa es de madera. La bolsa es de plåstico. Los zapatos son de cuero. Las ventanas son de vidrio. La casa es de Piedra. • Possession or ownership De here means of La mufieca es de la nifia. Los amigos son de Maria. La idea es de Pedro. El barco es del hombre rico. Los perros son del muchacho. We are friends. Joe and Ed are brothers. Paul is Spanish. AIV you Cuban? She is Catholic. The table is of wood. The bag is of plastic. The shoes are of leathen The windows are of glass, The house is of stone. It's the child's doll. (The doll is ofthe child.) They are Maria's fiends. (The friends are of Maria.) The idea is Pedio's. (The idea is of Pedro.) The boat belongs to the lich man. (The boat is of the lich man.) The dogs belong to the boy. (The dogs are of the boy.).