Scene 1

Alumnos : Nuñez, Clara Ludmila. Lopez, Lourdes Malena. Rivadeneira Emiliano  Vergas, Sergio Eduard o.

Scene 2

17- How many types of focus can you find?

The placement of the tonic syllable indicates the  focus  of the information; we take a look at the two major types of tonic placement.

The first type of tonic placement is called  neutral tonic placement  or  neutral tonicity (Normal Placement)

The second major type of tonic placement is called  dislocated tonic .  (contrastive or  emphatic)

Scene 3

Normal Placement:  is normally placed on the last content Word but in some exceptional cases it may fall on an earlier content word or on a function word.

Contrastive or  Emphatic:  may be achieved by placing the tonic at a different place from where it would normally appear.

(the sentence emphasizes that it was Jim who was there, not somebody else)

to express contrast (and not somebody else)

Scene 4

18-   How does the notion of “ambiguity” relate to the grammatical function of intonation?

It is related to the grammatical function of intonation by inventing sentences which when written are ambiguous, and whose ambiguity can only be removed by using differences of intonation.

FOR EXAMPLE: 	I )  'those who 'sold quickly ,made a ,profit 	ii)  'those who ¬sold ,quickly ,made a ,profit   	i)  A profit was made by those who sold quickly. 	ii)  A profit was quickly made by those who sold

Scene 5

19- What grammatical concepts or categories are studied with this approach?

Grammar and Intonation are directly related. The listener is able to recognize the grammar and syntax structure of what is being said by using the information contained in the intonation, things such as:

1)  Grammatical intonation is used in those sentences which are ambiguous. It can only be removed by using differences of intonation. In the following example the difference caused by the placement of tone-unit boundaries causes two different interpretations of sentence. A typical example is the sentence: | ‘Those who ‘sold  quickly  | made a , prof it | ‘Those who  sold  | quickly ,made a ,profit |

Let us look further at the role of tone-unit boundaries and the link between the tone-unit and units of grammar

| I ‘wont have any ,tea | I ‘don’t ,like it |

Scene 6

It is very unusual to find a tone-unit boundary at a place where the only grammatical boundary is a boundary between words. Tone -unit boundary placement can, then, indicate grammatical structure to the listener and we can find minimal pairs, as in: The Con’servatives who - like  the pro - posal | are  pleased The Con-servatives | who -like the pro - posal | are  pleased

In sentences with a more complex structure, tone-unit boundaries are often found at phrase and clause boundaries as well, as in: 	| In ,France | where ,farms ,tend to be , sma ller | the ‘subsidies are ‘more im, por tant

The intonation makes clear the difference between (i) “restrictive” and (ii) “non-restrictive” relative clauses because (i) implies that only some Conservatives like the proposal, while (ii) implies that  all  the Conservatives like it. Another component of intonation that can be said to have grammatical significance is the choice of tone on the tonic syllable. One example that is very familiar is the use of a rising tone with questions

Scene 7

20-  How is the discourse function of intonation different from the previous approaches?

The study of discourse attempts to look at the larger contexts in which sentences occur.   FOR EXAMPLE:

A-   Have you got any free time this morning?  B-   I might have later on if that marketing's off. A-   They were talking about putting it later. B-   You can't be sure.   Each sentence could be studied in isolation and be analyzed in terms of grammatical construction, lexical content and so on. But it is obvious that the sentences form part of some larger act of conversational interaction between two speakers; the sentences contain several references that presuppose shared knowledge.

Scene 8

Students in order of appearance:  Rivadeneira Emiliano Lopez Lourdes Nuñez Ludmila Vargas Sergio

Intonation

Page 1 (0s)

Page 2 (3s)

Page 3 (30s)

Page 4 (1m 19s)

Page 5 (1m 48s)

Page 6 (3m 45s)

Page 7 (4m 32s)

Page 8 (5m 31s)