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Green Design Concept of Ergonomics in Industrial Design and Its Wide Application in the Graphic Communications Industry Cheng Changxian School of Information and Mechatronic Engineering Beijing Institute of Graphic Communications Beijing, P.R. China cx-cheng@163.com Keywords: ergonomics, industrial design, green design, graphic communications industry. Abstract. Today’s industrial design has gone beyond the traditional product design. China is in the transfer process from the world's manufacturing plant to the world's manufacturing center. Green design is the basis of access to green products, and has become one of the hot researches in design areas. The results show that the design phase determines the 70% to 80% of manufacturing cost, while the design itself accounts for only 10% of the total cost. The importance of the roll of design to product is still increasing if considering the environmental factors. Because the level of ecological damage caused by the product design is far greater than the level of ecological damage caused by the design process itself, only in the design stage should the "green level" of products be taken as a design target, the desired design result could be achieved, which is one of the goal of ergonomics. In today's information society, the graphic communications industry is charged with an irreplaceable task of information manufacture and dissemination. A variety of devices (including electronic, optical, mechanical equipment and instruments, and even household facilities and equipment, etc.) used by the modern graphic communications industry need the direct contact, operation or use of the operator. Design and manufacture of these devices need to apply modern ergonomic design theory and research results. In this paper, the importance of ergonomics, the features and research aspects of green design, developing trends of ergonomics, and the application of ergonomics in the graphic communications industry are described. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Development of industrial design highlights the importance of ergonomics Today’s industrial design has gone beyond the traditional product design. China is in the transfer process from the world's manufacturing plant to the world's manufacturing center. Chinese manufacturing industry is transiting from mass production and mass marketing to brand competition and design competition; China’s industrial design is moving from design for products and design for industrial enterprises to design for the market and users, and from basic industries- and technology-oriented model to sales- and marketing-oriented and brand- and user-oriented model. Digitalized life, economic globalization, infrastructure management, climate change, consumer factors will influence the worldwide trends in industrial design. The situation of industrial enterprises’ success by relying solely on technology, human resources and cost has become in the past. People have begun to emphasis more on the design management model which integrates together brand, technology, marketing, strategy and innovativeness, which is the development model of design needed to promote Chinese enterprises to transfer from the world’s processing base to the world’s manufacturing center. The innovative design as an important strategy for enterprises’ innovation development has become the consensus of the academia and the industry. We see more and more manufacturers take "people oriented", "ergonomic design" as the characteristics of their products to be advertised, especially those products that require direct contact with the body or the direct manual operation are more prominent. In fact, letting the design of the machine equipment and working and living environment suit to people's physiological and psychological characteristics, so one can work and live in a comfortable and convenient conditions, is the issue to be addressed by ergonomics. In other words, ergonomics is such an engineering science arising from solving the problems. Applied Mechanics and Materials Online: 2011-07-27 ISSN: 1662-7482, Vols. 71-78, pp 3433-3437 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.71-78.3433 © 2011 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (#69850621, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-19/09/16,16:01:11).

The scope of ergonomics is of very broad range, which is based on the studying of human physiology and psychology. It is to apply directly the practical science, and the technical sciences to the actual operation, and is the origin of the human body engineering. Ergonomics studies human as the most fundamental and direct research and service object, so all the information must get from the people and hence the judgments would be made based on the integrated information. Ergonomics is the application of human-related science information to the design of objects, systems and environment, which involves every aspects of human life. Ideal designs should be reflect fully the principles of ergonomics in working system, sports, leisure, health and safety and other aspects. The characteristic of ergonomics is based on a careful study of their own characteristics of the three elements, i.e. human, machine and environment. It does not simply focus on whether the individual elements are good or not, but studies as a whole the system which includes human that employees the "objects", the "objects" designed by the designer and the coexistence environment of the "objects" and human. The so called system in the ergonomics is referred to as "human - machine - environment" system. In this system, the relationship of interacting and interdependence of the three elements of human, machine and environment determines the performance of overall system. Ergonomics makes scientific use of the organic links between the three elements to seek the best parameters of the system. A good design must be the product in which the factors of human, environment, technology, economy and culture etc., are cleverly balanced. To this end, it is required that the designers have the ability to find an optimal balance in a variety of constraints. To evaluate and determine the standard of the optimal balance point based on the common goal of both ergonomics and industrial design, the "human-oriented" dominant ideology should be adhere to as the core of design. The "human-oriented" dominant ideology is represented in every design activity to put “people” as the main line and implement the main line of ergonomic theory throughout the entire design process. And the social development, technological advances, product updates, intense pace of life ..., all these will inevitably lead to the changing view of quality towards "object". People will pay more attention to the evaluation of the weighing of "convenience", "comfortable", "reliable", "value", "security" and "efficiency". The rapid development and wide application of ergonomics and other emerging interdisciplinary will surely push the standard of industrial design to the new heights sought by people. With full development of mechanization, automation, and information technology, the influence of human factors in product design and production is increasing; the issue of harmonious development of man-machine will be more and more important; the status and role of ergonomics in industrial design will show more increasingly its importance. Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Green design - one of the development trends of ergonomics Green Design (GD), is also known as eco-design, environmental design, life cycle design, or environmental awareness design. Although the names are different, but the basic idea is that: the environmental factors and pollution prevention measures should be incorporated into products in the design phase, to take the environmental performance as product design objectives and the starting point; and striving to minimize the impact of products to environment. What is the so-called green design? That is, under the guidance of ecological philosophy, and using ecological thinking, to incorporate the design of objects into "human, machine, environment" system, which both considers to meet the needs of people, and pays attention to the principles of the ecological environment protection and sustainable development, and not only realizes social values, but also protects the natural environment and promotes the common prosperity of people and the environment. It is consistent with the requirements of sustainable development of human society, in line with the ultimate goal of comprehensive development of mankind. Green design is the basis of access to green products, and has become one of the hot researches in design areas. The results show that the design phase determines the 70% to 80% of manufacturing cost, while the design itself accounts for only 10% of the total cost. The importance of the roll of design to product is still increasing if considering the environmental factors. Because the level of ecological damage caused by the product design is far greater than the level of ecological damage caused by the design process itself, only in the design stage should the "green level" of products be taken as a design target, the desired design result could be achieved, which is one of the goal of ergonomics. Green design and traditional design are very different in the design basis, the designer, design techniques and technologies and the design targets, See Table 1 on green design compared with traditional designs. 3434 Frontiers of Green Building, Materials and Civil Engineering.

Table 1 Comparison of green design with traditional design Comparison elements traditional design green design Design basis Design based on the product’s requirements on function, performance, quality and cost proposed by users Design based on environmental benefits and ecological indicators plus the requirements of product on features, performance, quality and cost Designers with little or no consideration of using effectively renewable resources and the impact on ecological environment the designer must consider to reduce energy consumption, to recycle resource and to protect the environment in the product concept and design stage Design technology and process product recycling is rarely considered in the stages of making and use. Only a limited recovery of precious metals. removable, easy recovery, non-toxic side effects during manufacture and use of product, ensuring minimum waste generation Design purpose demands are considered as the main design purpose Design based on the needs and environment to meet the requirements of sustainable development Products General products green products or products with green sign In sum, the main features of green design include the following: 1） Slow down the consumption of resource wealth on the planet. With green design, the materials for making components of the product are fully and effectively utylized, and in the product life cycle, the energy consumption is minimized, thus reducing the needs for material and energy resources, so that it can be consumed in a reasonable and sustainable way. 2） Reduce waste generation from the source. It’s a basic requirement for green designer to reduce energy consumption in the structure and process of product making and use. There will be no toxin and side effects and the dismantling and recycling of the old used products can be convenient. The recycled materials can be used for reproduction. The products of non-recovery value can be innoxiously disposed so that the atmosphere, water, etc., cannot be polluted and the generated waste can be minimized. 3） Reduce the disposal problem of large amount of waste. Green design will nip the waste generation in the bud, so the amount of waste can be reduced to a minimum, which can greatly ease the pressure of waste disposal. help protect the environment, maintain ecosystem balance and achieve sustainable development. 4） Green design is the design of parallel closed-loop. The life cycle of traditional parallel design is all the stages from design, manufacture up to disposal of the product. All the post stages after the product disposal are not considered. Hence it is an open-loop process. Whereas the life cycle of green design, in addition to the traditional life cycle, also includes the disassembly, recycling, treatment after product disposal, so that the closed-loop cycle of product life cycle can be achieved. Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ The green line application in the graphic communications industry In today's information society, the graphic communications industry is charged with an irreplaceable task of information manufacture and dissemination. A variety of devices (including electronic, optical, mechanical equipment and instruments, and even household facilities and equipment, etc.) used by the modern graphic communications industry need the direct contact, operation or use of the operator. Design and manufacture of these devices need to apply modern ergonomic design theory and research results. Here take the latest printing machinery design as an example to illustrate ergonomics application in the field of graphic communications equipment. A. Printing machinery is more efficient by using modern machinery manufacturing and automation technology achievements Since 1990s, the standard of printing machinery manufacturing and the degree of automation, which can be reflected by sheet-fed offset printing presses,, has greatly advanced, Automatic control of the previous generation of press models focused on automatic adjustment of inking and registering, whereas the new models have realized fully automation of the entire press running, from paper handling to end of printing, and the operating system of the press. The speed of printing machinery from 10,000 sheets per hour in 1980s rose to 15000 sph in 1990s, now further reaches up to 18,000 sph, even up to 20,000 sph. At the same time, the make-ready time of printing press is Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 71-78 3435.

greatly reduced. The make-ready time of old models for job changing is about 2 hours, and on the new models with the automatic control, the shortest possible make-ready time is reduced to 15 minutes. As the press speed becomes higher and the make-ready time, which limited the efficiency improvement of the press, greatly shorter, the actual production efficiency of the printing press has greatly improved. B. Printing process is more environmentally friendly by using modern new materials and new techniques Because of the development and application of CTP pre-press plate-making technology, the traditional plate-making technology through film, that is low efficiency and results in a large number of environmental pollution, is phased out. In offset printing, the application of the alcohol-free printing process, the water-based and non-solvent inks in flexo printing and the low-emission designs of printing machinery, makes the printing process more environmentally friendly, more in line with the green design concept. C. Printing machinery is more energy efficient by using advanced power drive and power consumption control technology Because of the application of automation technology in printing press design, the mechanical structure of the press has been greatly simplified, making the transmission efficiency of printing machinery greatly improved and hence the energy consumption reduced. The current printing press design uses a more rigorous method of power measuring and calculating, so that to strictly control the energy consumption of various functional units of the press, such as dryers, cooling systems, air-conditioning systems, pneumatic systems, mechanical driving power, and so on. The development and application of shaft-less driving technology and frequency speed control technology have greatly reduced the power consume of mechanical transmission. D. The printing presses are more in line with human factors by using advanced design and management concepts New printing machinery design has considered the concepts of customer service, such as "user efficiency" and "life-cycle efficiency", and paying more attention to human design, rather than following the concept of pursuing lower manufacturing cost of the independent press itself in the 1980s. Taking the overall layout design of the printing press as an example: In the 1980s, all manufacturers of printing machinery had tried to let the nominal diameter of cylinders smaller (on the same format of printing press), and the purpose was to make the printing presses more compact, having smaller footprint, and lower stand-alone manufacturing cost. However, this has not been the case any more in the new printing press designs in the 1990s. The cylinders’ diameter of the A1 size of printing press increased from around 260 or 270 mm to 300 mm. On the surface, the diameter of the press design has undergone the three stages of change from large to small and from small to large again, but in fact it is the changes of concept of design and the benefits are improved operating spaces for press operators, and improved print quality and print production efficiency. The application of the results had become a typical case of the ergonomics application in the printing press design. E. The printing equipments are more secure by developing and adopting more stringent safety standards and advanced technology As a result of strict safety standards and safety control technology, it has made the various incidents related with security in printing enterprises greatly reduced. In the past, the accidents which operators’ fingers or arms were cut off by paper cutters occured frequently. With continuously improved safety level of control of the paper cutters, these security issues have rarely been heard of. Apart from that, the application of automation technology not only improved the printing quality and efficiency, but also greatly reduced the labor intensity, and lessened various occupational diseases. As a printing enterprise using graphic communications devices to produce graphic communications products, the use of ergonomic principles, the implementation of green manufacturing, green development, also has been or is being made encouraging progress. Here are specific initiatives of some printing companies that implement green strategies: 1） Promote green printing philosophy in the printing customers and keep in mind that most buyers of print are young people who are concerned about the environment and the sustainable development, and this generation is the fastest growing group the print industry needs to appeal to, and in terms of the features of younger generation, try to form the atmosphere of taking the green line in all aspects of printing business management, production, procurement and sales; 2） Use Forest Stewardship Council approved papers and certification process; 3） Paper waste classifying and recycling; 4） Marked and tracked reduction of paper waste and other waste; 3436 Frontiers of Green Building, Materials and Civil Engineering.

5） Use of wind energy credit for electricity; 6） Use with zero VOC content of sheet-fed offset printing inks; 7） Use alcohol-free fountain solution; 8） Use of low VOC content of wash-up solutions; 9） Reduce energy use (use all fluorescent lighting, etc.); 10） Use chemistry-free plate (CTP plates). These not only reduce pollution and energy consumption, and indeed can improve the print quality. CTP printing process also brings a stable halftone dot size, and because these plates are chemistry-free, the printing stability is further enhanced, which brings improved register accuracy. Zero VOC content of inks makes improved printability and gloss. In addition, the alcohol-free fountain solution will greatly reduce the trouble of streaks. ІV. Conclusion Today’s industrial design has gone beyond the traditional product design. China is in the transfer process from the world's manufacturing plant to the world's manufacturing center. The situation of industrial enterprises’ success by relying solely on technology, human resources and cost has become in the past. People have begun to emphasis more on the design management model which integrates together brand, technology, marketing, strategy and innovativeness, which is the development model of design needed to promote Chinese enterprises to transfer from the world’s processing base to the world’s manufacturing center. The innovative design as an important strategy for enterprises’ innovation development has become the consensus of the academia and the industry. Green design is the basis of access to green products, and has become one of the hot researches in design areas. The results show that the design phase determines the 70% to 80% of manufacturing cost, while the design itself accounts for only 10% of the total cost. The importance of the roll of design to product is still increasing if considering the environmental factors. Because the level of ecological damage caused by the product design is far greater than the level of ecological damage caused by the design process itself, only in the design stage should the "green level" of products be taken as a design target, the desired design result could be achieved, which is one of the goal of ergonomics. References [1] Ding Yulan: Ergonomics， Beijing Institute of Technology Press. Beijing, PR China, 3rd edition. 2005, p. 4-14 [2] You Wanlai: Industrial Design and Human Factor Engineering Taiwan Liuhe Press, Taipei,1986 [3] Sanders, M S, et al: Human Factors in Engineering and Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1985 [4] Wang Jicheng: Ergonomics in Product Design, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing. PR China, 2006 [5] Liu Chunrong: Application of Ergonomics, Shanghai People’s Art Press, Shanghai, PR China, 2004 [6] He Canqun, Ergonomics of Product Design, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, PR China, 2006. [7] GATF staff，Solving Sheetfed Offset Press Problems, GATFPress, USA,2002 [8] Lloyd P.DeJidas, Jr., Sheet-fed Offset Press Operating, Third Edition, GATFPress, USA, 2005 [9] Cheng Changxian, New Trends of Ergonomics and Its Importance in Modern Industrial Design, ICEIS 2011 proceedings, in press [10] Cheng Changxian, Emphasizing the Roll of Ergonomics in Industrial Design and Its Wide Application in the Media Industry, ICFEEE 2011 proceedings, in press Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 71-78 3437.