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Now development , what it is ?  Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change, or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. Development is not one thinks , Development is different for one person to another,  for ex : Development of landless rural labourers –  more days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children .. Development of a girl from a rich urban family –  she gets as much as freedom like her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad ..

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Now we have seen through two examples that  developmental  goals  are not same for both the people , now from this we can conclude that  :  different  persons have different developmental goals and also what may be development for one is not the development but may even be it can be destructive for others !!!

For ex :  to get more electricity,  industralists  may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as  tribals . It is only the income that he/she think about the Development ?   No , besides seeking income or better wages , people also seek things like equal treatment , freedom , security and respect of others. Material things , the things we can buy with money but the non material things mentioned above which we cannot purchase from money are equally important.   Similarly , for development people look at mix of goals  . Hence , the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life!!

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The development of nation is known as national development, as we have seen earlier that different people seek different goals, so there notion of a national development is also likely to be different .

National development includes improvement in living standard of the people, increase per capita income, providing social amenities like education, medical care, social services etc., to the citizens of the country. “So  it is very important to keep mind that different persons could have different as well as conflict notions of  country  development”

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Human Capital Spillovers and Human Development Index in Yogyakarta ...

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How different countries and states are compared ?

In development, for  comparing countries, their  Income   is considered to be one of the most important  attributes. Countries with higher income  are more  developed than others with less income.   This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need. So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.  Now , what is the income of a country?  Intuitively, the income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of the country. However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.

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Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total   population. The average income is also called  per capita income.

In  World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of   US$  12,056  per annum and above in  2017,  are   called  rich  countries  and  those with per capita income of   US$  955   or less are called  low-income countries .  India comes in the category of  low middle income  countries because its per capita income in  2017  was just  US$  1820   per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed  countries.

Real Total Personal Income
Real Per
personal Income
Population

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When we looked at individual aspirations and goals, we found that people not only think of better income but also have goals such as security, respect for others, equal treatment, freedom, etc. in mind. Similarly, when we think of a nation or a region, we may, besides average income, think of other equally important attributes . What could these attributes be ?

Net Attendance  Ratio ( per 100 persons ) secondary stage ( 14 and 15  yrs  ) 2009-10

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Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 100 live children born in that particular year.  Literacy  Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group .   Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group . Public  Facilities “Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well”  For  ex:   Pollution free environment                   Protection  from infectious disease, etc .  Public facilities are collectively cheaper like transport, security etc. and also the performance of other criteria improves such as Infant Mortality Rate and Literacy Rate .  Since  KERALA has adequate provision of basic health & education .   Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.

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BMI used to find out whether a person is nourished, under-nourished or overweight. how? Less than 18 : Undernourished  More than 25 : Overweight  Between 18-25 : Nourished  Exception – BMI is not calculated for growing children.

UNDERWEIGHT
BODY MASS INDEX
(MRwOGH1
NORMAL
OBESE
oust

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Income is not only an adequate measure of the level of development .  So, health, education and standard of living are also some of the important  measure. Therefore,   UNDP ( United Nations Development Programme ) It measures qualitative aspect of population.  This report compares countries based on :  Education level- Literacy rate, Net Attendance, Ratio.  Health status- Infant mortality rate, Life expectancy . Per capita income.

UNDP denies Israeli accusations against its employee in Gaza – Middle ...

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Sustainable Development is a development in which we are using resources in such a way that we are not  c ompromising with our present needs and we are conserving resources  f or our future generation.  Development must be done in a way so as to sustain our resources is called sustainability of development.  Since development                  consumption of resources                   depletion of resources  Therefore, sustainable use resources is required .    “We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have borrowed it from our children.”

DEVELOPMENT

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