Name: DCC10032 – ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Uploaded: 2021-10-20
Duration: 14 min 23 s
Description: DCC10032 – ENGINEERING MATERIALS. CHAPTER 1: CONCRETE MATERIALS & MIXTURE.

DCC10032 – ENGINEERING MATERIALS. CHAPTER 1: CONCRETE MATERIALS & MIXTURE. 

Scene 1

Concrete Materials and Mixture. Identify the different components of concrete materials. Describe the materials in concrete mixture; cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water., List the advantages and disadvantages of concrete in the construction industry, List the types of cement, State the properties of cement in concrete mixture; the chemical composition in cement, process of hydration in concrete and the storage method of cement, Describe the properties of aggregates in concrete; classification and sources of the aggregates, criteria of aggregates and function of the aggregates and its relation to the strength of concrete, Discuss the behavior of water in concrete mixture; role of water in concrete mixture and the suitable water quality for concrete mixture. Explain the basic knowledge of concrete mixture. Describe difference types of concrete mixture; prescribed mix, designed mix and nominal mix, Classify the ratio of proportions in concrete mixture, Distinguish the purposes of the following admixture in concrete mixture ; catalyzing substances, retarding substances, water decreasing substance, plasticizing substances, air trapping additive and easy mixing additive. admixture in concrete mixture; Make use of basic knowledge of concrete mixture to classify fresh concrete and hardened concrete. Show the relationship between fresh concrete and the workability of concrete, List the factors influencing workability on fresh concrete; water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ration, shape and surface texture of aggregate and admixture substance, Explain the test on workability and strength of concrete; slump test, compacting factor test and cube test, Explain the criteria of hard concrete. 

Scene 2

Identify the different components of concrete materials.  	Describe the materials in concrete mixture; cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water., List the advantages and disadvantages of concrete 	in  the 	construction industry, List the types of cement, State the properties of cement in concrete mixture; the chemical composition in cement, process of hydration in 	concrete and the storage method of cement, Describe the properties of aggregates in concrete; classification and sources of the aggregates, criteria of 	aggregates and function of the aggregates and its relation to the strength of concrete, Discuss the behavior of water in concrete mixture; role of water in 	concrete mixture and the suitable water quality for concrete mixture.  Explain the basic knowledge of concrete mixture.  	Describe difference types of concrete mixture; prescribed mix, designed mix and nominal mix, Classify the ratio of proportions in concrete mixture, Distinguish the 	purposes of the following admixture in concrete mixture ; catalyzing substances, retarding substances, water decreasing substance, plasticizing substances, air 	trapping additive and easy mixing additive. admixture in concrete mixture;   Make use of basic knowledge of concrete mixture to classify fresh concrete and hardened concrete.  	Show the relationship between fresh concrete and the  workability of concrete, List the factors influencing workability on fresh concrete; water-cement ratio, 	aggregate-cement ration, shape and surface texture of aggregate and admixture substance, Explain the test on workability and strength of concrete; slump test, 	compacting factor test and cube test, Explain the criteria of hard concrete

Concrete mixture (M20) Fig. 4: Slum value test of M20 grade concrete | Download Scientific Diagram. 

Scene 3

Concrete mixture (M20) Fig. 4: Slum value test of M20 grade concrete |  Download Scientific Diagram

Definition: It is obtained by mixing cement, water, and aggregates and sometimes admixtures in required proportions and placed in forms and allowed to cure and become hard.

te Classification Size Fine Aggregate • Sand and/or crushed stone. • nun. • F.A. content usually by mass or volume of to' aggregate. • Coarse Aggregate • Gravel and crushed stone. • nun. • Typically 9 S and 37.5 mm.. 

Scene 4

te Classification Size
Fine Aggregate
• Sand and/or crushed stone.
• nun.
• F.A. content usually by mass or volume of to'
aggregate.
• Coarse Aggregate
• Gravel and crushed stone.
• nun.
• Typically 9 S and 37.5 mm.

13 Types of Cement and their Uses in Concrete Construction

Uses of Aggregates in Construction, Roads, Railway and Other

Energetically modified cement - Wikipedia

Seven Must-Use Concrete Admixtures (Additives). Types of Admixtures for Concrete - The Concrete Network. 

Scene 5

Seven Must-Use Concrete Admixtures (Additives)

Types of Admixtures for Concrete - The Concrete Network

Concrete Foundation - Three Types of Concrete Foundations - The Concrete Network. 

Scene 6

Concrete Foundation - Three Types of Concrete Foundations - The Concrete  Network

Concrete used for  building structures construction such as:  Column, Concrete Beam, Slab, Footing, Foundation, Pavement, Parking Structures, Walls, Roads, Bridges

ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE. Low Tensile Strength Economical The material is readily available Malleable (can cast into shape) Durable High Temperature resistance Hardens at ambient temperatures Energy Efficiency in production Low or zero maintenance Do not shrink Less Corrosive. 

Scene 7

Low Tensile Strength Economical The material is readily available Malleable    (can cast into shape) Durable High Temperature resistance  Hardens at ambient temperatures Energy Efficiency in production Low or zero maintenance Do not shrink Less Corrosive

disADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE. Brittle failure of lime plastered specimen loaded flat. 3.1.3.... | Download Scientific Diagram. 

Scene 8

Brittle failure of lime plastered specimen loaded flat. 3.1.3.... |  Download Scientific Diagram

Biso formwork blocks for concrete columns and walls - Concrete Plant  Precast Technology

High Compressible Strength Bulkier than steel and wood Requires expensive formworks Requires Curing Susceptible to cracking Not environmentally friendly Brittles when strength exceeds

Concrete Materials. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FINE AGGREGATE ( SAND ) CEMENT COARSE AGGREGATE WATER BLUE METAL ). 

Scene 9

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
FINE AGGREGATE
( SAND )
CEMENT
COARSE AGGREGATE
WATER
BLUE METAL )

Related image. CEMENT. Cement is a type of manufactured goods produced by burning limestone mixture and clay. This substance have two main feature namely adhesion and cohesion. These qualities enable cement act as binder that is good to bind aggregate to form a concrete body that solid and strong. Each bag contains 50kg of cement.. 

Scene 10

Cement is a type of manufactured goods produced by burning limestone          mixture and clay. This substance have two main feature namely adhesion and cohesion. These qualities enable cement act as binder that is good to bind aggregate to form a concrete body that solid and strong. Each bag contains 50kg of cement.

Types of cement. 15+ Types of Cement Used in Modern Construction. 

Scene 11

15+ Types of Cement Used in Modern Construction

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) Rapid Hardening Cement Quick setting cement Low Heat Cement Sulfates resisting cement Blast Furnace Slag Cement High Alumina Cement White Cement Colored cement Air Entraining Cement Expansive cement Hydrographic cement

Types of cement. 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement, which is suitable for all general concrete construction. It is the most commonly produced and used type of cement around the world, with annual global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters per year. This cement is suitable for all kinds of concrete construction. 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) Portland pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement. It is also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or calcium sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement and fine pozzolana. This cement has a high resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete compared with ordinary portland cement, and thus, it is widely used. It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works, and for laying concrete underwater, such as bridges, piers, dams, and mass concrete works, etc.. 

Scene 12

1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Ordinary Portland cement  is the most widely used type of cement, which is suitable for all general concrete construction. It is the most commonly produced and used type of cement around the world, with annual global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters per year.  This cement is suitable for all kinds of concrete construction. 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) Portland pozzolana cement  is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement. It is also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or calcium sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement and fine pozzolana. This cement has a high resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete compared with ordinary  portland  cement, and thus, it is widely used. It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works, and for laying concrete underwater, such as bridges, piers, dams, and mass concrete works, etc.

Types of cement. 3. Rapid Hardening Cement Rapid hardening cement attains high strength in the early days; it is used in concrete where formworks are removed at an early stage and are similar to ordinary portland cement (OPC). This cement has increased lime content and contains higher c3s content and finer grinding, which gives higher strength development than OPC at an early stage. The strength of rapid hardening cement at the three days is similar to 7 days strength of OPC with the same water-cement ratio. Thus, the advantage of this cement is that formwork can be removed earlier, which increases the rate of construction and decreases the cost of construction by saving formwork cost. Rapid hardening cement is used in prefabricated concrete construction, road works, etc. 4. Quick setting cement The difference between the quick setting cement and rapid hardening cement is that quick-setting cement sets earlier. At the same time, the rate of gain of strength is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while quick hardening cement gains strength quickly. Formworks in both cases can be removed earlier. Quick setting cement is used where works is to be completed in very short period and for concreting in static or running water.. 

Scene 13

3. Rapid Hardening Cement Rapid hardening cement attains high strength in the early days; it is used in concrete where formworks are removed at an early stage and are similar to ordinary  portland  cement (OPC). This cement has increased lime content and contains higher c3s content and finer grinding, which gives higher strength development than OPC at an early stage. The strength of rapid hardening cement at the three days is similar to 7 days strength of OPC with the same water-cement ratio. Thus, the advantage of this cement is that formwork can be removed earlier, which increases the rate of construction and decreases the cost of construction by saving formwork cost. Rapid hardening cement is used in prefabricated concrete construction, road works, etc. 4. Quick setting cement The difference between the quick setting cement and rapid hardening cement is that quick-setting cement sets earlier. At the same time, the rate of gain of strength is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while quick hardening cement gains strength quickly. Formworks in both cases can be removed earlier. Quick setting cement is used where works is to be completed in very short period and for concreting in static or running water.

Types of cement. 5. Low Heat Cement Low heat cement is produced by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% by increasing the proportion of C2S. A small quantity of tricalcium aluminate makes the concrete to produce low heat of hydration. Low heat cement suitable for mass concrete construction like gravity dams, as the low heat of hydration, prevents the cracking of concrete due to heat. This cement has increased power against sulphates and is less reactive and initial setting time is greater than OPC. 6 . White Cement It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron oxide and is a type of ordinary portland cement, which is white. It is costlier and is used for architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing panels, terrazzo surface, etc. and for interior and exterior decorative work like external renderings of buildings, facing slabs, floorings, ornamental concrete products, paths of gardens, swimming pools, etc.. 

Scene 14

5. Low Heat Cement Low heat cement is produced by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% by increasing the proportion of C2S. A small quantity of tricalcium aluminate makes the concrete to produce low heat of hydration. Low heat cement suitable for mass concrete construction like gravity dams, as the low heat of hydration, prevents the cracking of concrete due to heat. This cement has increased power against sulphates and is less reactive and initial setting time is greater than OPC. 6 . White Cement It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron oxide and is a type of ordinary  portland  cement, which is white. It is costlier and is used for architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing panels, terrazzo surface, etc. and for interior and exterior decorative work like external renderings of buildings, facing slabs, floorings, ornamental concrete products, paths of gardens, swimming pools, etc.

Types of cement. 7. Portland- Blastfurnace Cement (BS 146:1973) It is made by grinding a mixture of OPC (clinker) with selected granulated blast furnace slag. It prevents from chemical reactions. More cheaper than OPC. Moreover, it is sulphate resistance and good for seawater structure. 8. Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement It is a type of Portland Cement in which the amount of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is restricted to lower than 5% and (2C 3A +C4AF) lower than 25%, which reduces the formation of sulphate salts. The reduction of sulphate salts lowers the possibility of sulphate attack on the concrete. It is darker in colour compare to OPC.. 

Scene 15

7. Portland- Blastfurnace  Cement (BS 146:1973) It  is made by grinding a mixture of OPC  (clinker) with selected granulated                     blast  furnace slag. It prevents from chemical reactions. More cheaper than OPC. Moreover, it is sulphate resistance and good for seawater structure. 8. Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement It is a type of Portland Cement in which the amount of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is restricted to lower than 5% and (2C 3A +C4AF) lower than 25%, which reduces the formation of sulphate salts. The reduction of sulphate salts lowers the possibility of sulphate attack on the concrete.  It is darker in  colour  compare to OPC.

INGREDIENTS FOR CEMENT. Ingredient Percentage (%) Lime 64 Silica 23 Alumina 5 Iron Oxide 3 Magnesia 2 Sulphuric Anhydride 2 Soda and Potash 1. 

Scene 16

Ingredient Percentage (%) Lime  64 Silica  23 Alumina 5 Iron Oxide 3 Magnesia 2 Sulphuric Anhydride     2 Soda and Potash 1

Optimising Portland limestone cement | GCP Applied Technologies

Silica sand: More important than you may realise

Powder Caustic Soda Potash, Grade Standard: Technical Grade, for  Industrial, Rs 78 /kg | ID: 8847411591

Name of Compound Usual Abbreviation Reaction Tricalcium Silicate C 3 S Quick Dicalcium Silicate C 2 S Slow Tricalcium Aluminate C 3 A Very Quick Terracalcium Aluminoferrite C 3 AF Not Very Important. 

Scene 17

Name of Compound Usual  Abbreviation Reaction Tricalcium  Silicate C 3 S Quick Dicalcium  Silicate C 2 S Slow Tricalcium   Aluminate C 3 A Very Quick Terracalcium   Aluminoferrite C 3 AF Not Very Important

Scene 18

Scene 19

STORAGE METHOD OF CEMENT. Cement storage – usage & guidelines as per the CODAL provisions. 

Scene 20

Cement storage – usage & guidelines as per the CODAL provisions

Scene 21

AGGREGATES. Fine Aggregate: Fine aggregate size does not exceed 5mm. It available from mine sand, quarry or river. Function of fine aggregate : Filling empty spaces in concrete mixture to strengthen the concrete mixture. To prevent steel reinforcement from rusty. As bond which ensures compaction of mixture.. 

Scene 22

Fine Aggregate: 	Fine aggregate size does not exceed 5mm. It available from mine sand, quarry or river. 	Function of fine aggregate :    Filling empty spaces in concrete mixture to strengthen the concrete mixture.    To prevent steel reinforcement from rusty.    As bond which ensures compaction of mixture.

AGGREGATES. wiseGE. Coarse Aggregate: The size among 5mm to 50 mm. Usually is acquired from the quarry. Function of coarse aggregate : A s filler to concrete volume. As material that increase concrete strength. Giving concrete resilience and hold shrinkage. Aggregate content is 60-80% from concrete volume.. 

Scene 23

Coarse Aggregate:       The size among 5mm to 50 mm. Usually is acquired from the quarry. Function of coarse aggregate :     A s filler to concrete volume.      As material that increase concrete strength.      Giving concrete resilience and hold shrinkage.   Aggregate content is 60-80% from concrete volume.

Image result for water. WATER. Function of water in concrete mixture: Water spread cement so that each stone item covered tightly. Water gives convenience work in concrete mixture. Water is chemical reaction agent in cement to tie all aggregate in concrete mixture.. 

Scene 24

Function of water in concrete mixture: Water spread cement so that each stone item covered tightly. Water gives convenience work in concrete mixture. Water is chemical reaction agent in cement to tie all aggregate in concrete mixture.

Image result for river water. WATER. Types of water used to mix concrete: i. T ap water. ii. Water free minerals and organic materials such as salt, alkali iii. Other water sources - river water, rain water or drainage.. 

Scene 25

Types of water used to mix concrete: i.  T ap water. ii. Water free minerals and organic   materials such as salt, alkali iii. Other water sources - river  water, rain water or drainage.

ADMIXTURE. Admixtures are defined as materials other than aggregate (fine and coarse), water, fibre and cement, which are added into concrete mix immediately before or during mixing.. 

Scene 26

Admixtures are defined as materials other than aggregate (fine and coarse), water, fibre and cement, which are added into concrete mix immediately before or during mixing.

ADMIXTURE. Chemical admixtures can modify the setting and hardening characteristic of cement paste by influencing the rate of cement hydration. Water-reducing admixture can plasticize fresh concrete mixtures by reducing surface tension of water. Air-entraining admixtures can improve the durability of concrete. Mineral admixtures such as pozzolan (materials containing reactive silica) can reduce thermal cracking.. 

Scene 27

Chemical admixtures can modify the setting and hardening characteristic of cement paste by influencing the rate of cement hydration.  Water-reducing admixture can plasticize fresh concrete mixtures by reducing surface tension of water.  Air-entraining admixtures can improve the durability of concrete. Mineral admixtures such as  pozzolan  (materials containing reactive silica) can reduce thermal cracking.

WRDN64
WRDA 64
Water Reducer
Réducteur d'eau
WARNI\G! MAY CAUSE SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION.
READ SAFETY INSIRUCTIONS, LEFT SIDE PANEL.
NONHAZARDOUS MATERIAL.
EN CAUSER UME
ET DES YEUX.
PMNEAIJDUCÖrÉGAUCHE
INOFFENSIF POUR LE
(MINISTtRE OES TW-SPORTS DES E.tl)

ADMIXTURE. Types of Admixture Uses Accelarators ( Bahan Pencepat ) - (Catalyzing substance) Quick hardening process (hydration / hardening) concrete. Retarders ( Bahan Pelambat ) - (Retarding substance) Delaying harden concrete process. Water reducers ( Bahan Pengurang air) - (Water decreasing substance) Reduce water content in concrete mixture. Air entrainment ( Bahan Tambah Perangkap Udara) - (Air trapping additive) Resist to frost . Creating air bubble. Plasticizer ( Bahan Tambah Pemudah adun ) (Easy mixing additive) To ease concrete spread.. 

Scene 28

Types of Admixture Uses Accelarators  ( Bahan   Pencepat )  -  (Catalyzing substance) Quick hardening process (hydration / hardening) concrete. Retarders ( Bahan   Pelambat ) -   (Retarding substance) Delaying harden  concrete process. Water reducers ( Bahan   Pengurang  air)  -    (Water decreasing substance) Reduce water content in concrete mixture. Air entrainment ( Bahan   Tambah    Perangkap  Udara) -      (Air trapping additive) Resist  to frost . Creating  air  bubble. Plasticizer ( Bahan   Tambah   Pemudah   adun ) (Easy mixing additive) To ease concrete spread.

Scene 29

Concrete Mixing Aspects to consider:. Safety Concrete mixing ratios Mixing the fundamental ingredients Sunlight and curing speed.. 

Scene 30

Safety Concrete mixing ratios Mixing the fundamental ingredients Sunlight and curing speed.

CONCRETE MIXTURE RATIO. Mix Ratio : 1:2:4 1 = Cement 2 = Fine Aggregate 4 = Coarse Aggregate. 

Scene 31

Mix Ratio :  1:2:4 1 = Cement 2 = Fine Aggregate 4 = Coarse Aggregate

CONCRETE RATION AND PURPOSES. How to calculate materials for different-ratio concrete - Best online Engineering resource! | Concrete mix design, Concrete mix ratio, Concrete mixes. 

Scene 32

How to calculate materials for different-ratio concrete - Best online  Engineering resource! | Concrete mix design, Concrete mix ratio, Concrete  mixes

Different Grades Of Concrete | Based On IS, American Standard & European  Standard

Get Best Quotes for M10 Grade Concrete from Verified Suppliers - Happho

M10 Ready Mix Concrete, Packaging Size: 30 Cubic Feet, In Chennai, Rs 4000  /cubic meter | ID: 21255618091

C10 Used for: Patio slabs, pathways and non-structural work Type: Domestic & commercial use C15 Used for: Pavement kerbs and floor blinding Type: Domestic & Commercial C20 Used for: Domestic floors and foundations (where the weight of structure will be lighter). Also good for workshop bases, garages, driveways and internal floor slabs. Type: Domestic C25 Used for: Construction in all areas. Multi-purpose concrete mix, usually used for foundations. Type: Domestic & Commercial C30 Used for: Pathways and roadways (this is the lowest grade concrete mix that can be used for this purpose). More durable than the grades that have come before, and thus is much more weather-resistant and can take heavy road traffic. Type: Commercial C35 Used for: Commercial structures. This heavy concrete mix is usually used for creating external walls and slabs, as well as for structural piling. Type: Commercial C40 Used for: Commercial construction sites, creating foundations and beams for structural support and roads. The most durable in this list, C40 can withstand chemical corrosion also, so is frequently used on farms where slurry could corrode structures, or in septic tanks. Type: Commercial. 

Scene 33

C10 Used for: Patio slabs, pathways and non-structural work Type: Domestic & commercial use   C15 Used for: Pavement  kerbs  and floor blinding Type: Domestic & Commercial   C20 Used for: Domestic floors and foundations (where the weight of structure will be lighter). Also good for workshop bases, garages, driveways and internal floor slabs. Type: Domestic   C25 Used for: Construction in all areas. Multi-purpose concrete mix, usually used for foundations. Type: Domestic & Commercial   C30 Used for: Pathways and roadways (this is the lowest grade concrete mix that can be used for this purpose). More durable than the grades that have come before, and thus is much more weather-resistant and can take heavy road traffic. Type: Commercial   C35 Used for: Commercial structures. This heavy concrete mix is usually used for creating external walls and slabs, as well as for structural piling. Type: Commercial   C40 Used for: Commercial construction sites, creating foundations and beams for structural support and roads. The most durable in this list, C40 can withstand chemical corrosion also, so is frequently used on farms where slurry could corrode structures, or in septic tanks. Type: Commercial

TYPE OF CONCRETE MIXTURE. Prescribed Mix Designed Mix Nominal Mix. 

Scene 34

Prescribed Mix. Based on weight Concrete mix is decided by engineer. Compressive strength is commonly achieved more than the design of grade of concrete.. 

Scene 35

Based on weight Concrete mix is decided by engineer. Compressive strength is commonly achieved more than the design of grade of concrete.

Designed mix. Based on volume of concrete. Concrete mix is decided by the contractor. Best practice of trial mix is determine.. 

Scene 36

Based on volume of concrete. Concrete mix is decided by the contractor. Best practice of trial mix is determine.

Nominal Mix. Base on volume of concrete. Compressive strength is commonly achieved less than the design of grade of concrete. Design by engineer. Design by weight : V = M/D V=volumn, M=mass, D=density. 

Scene 37

Base on volume of concrete. Compressive strength is commonly achieved less than the design of grade of concrete. Design by engineer. Design by weight :  V = M/D                                         V=volumn, M=mass, D=density

CONCRETE MIX QUALITY. Concrete mix quality depend on: The mixture materials quality. The mixture mixing ratio. Ratio which normally used (cement : sand : aggregate) is: 1:2:4, 1:3:6, 1:5:10, according to place and purpose. Mixing method and transport. Mould quality used. Compression after being placed in mould. Preservation method.. 

Scene 38

Concrete mix quality depend on: The mixture materials quality. The mixture mixing ratio. Ratio which normally used (cement : sand : aggregate) is: 1:2:4, 1:3:6, 1:5:10, according to place and purpose. Mixing method and transport. Mould quality used. Compression after being placed in mould. Preservation method.

WORKABILITY. Workability is often defined as the amount of mechanical work required for full compaction of the concrete without segregation.. 

Scene 39

Workability is often defined as the amount of mechanical work required for full compaction of the concrete without segregation.

Factors influence workability. Water – Cement Ratio 01 Aggregate- Cement Ratio 02 Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregate 03 Admixture Substances 04. 

Scene 40

Water – Cement Ratio 01 Aggregate- Cement Ratio 02 Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregate 03 Admixture Substances 04

Water – Cement Ratio. Water used to produce concrete mixture that like plastic and easy being worked. If water used more than limit, strength and concrete density will decline. If water used too less, the concrete difficult to be being worked and process imperfect hydration.. 

Scene 41

Water used to produce concrete mixture that like plastic and easy being worked.  If water used more than limit, strength and concrete density will decline.  If water used too less, the concrete difficult to be being worked and process imperfect hydration.

Water – Cement Ratio. If lower water-cement ratio, concrete strength will increase, less workability and make casting works and concrete compaction is harder. a) water-cement ratio =	Concrete Strength = Workability b) water-cement ratio =	Concrete strength = Workability Calculate based on weight or volume.. 

Scene 42

If lower water-cement ratio,  concrete strength will increase, less workability and make casting works and concrete compaction is harder.     	    a) water-cement ratio	    =	Concrete Strength         =    Workability         b) water-cement ratio          =	Concrete strength         =    Workability   	 			 Calculate based on weight or volume.

Table 1. Strength versus W/CM Ratio (Ref.1) Compressive Strength (28 days, psi) W/CM Ratio Non-air-entrained Concrete Air-entrained Concrete 7,000 0.33 - 6,000 0.41 0.32 5,000 0.48 0.40 4,000 0.57 0.48 3,000 0.68 0.59 2,000 0.82 0.74. 

Scene 43

Table 1. Strength versus W/CM Ratio (Ref.1) Compressive Strength (28 days, psi) W/CM Ratio Non-air-entrained Concrete Air-entrained Concrete 7,000 0.33 - 6,000 0.41 0.32 5,000 0.48 0.40 4,000 0.57 0.48 3,000 0.68 0.59 2,000 0.82 0.74

1  Psi  is equal to 6894.75729  pascals  ( Pa ). ...  Psi  (pounds per square inch)

Calculation. Example : If 27 liter of water use to mixing one bag of cement (50kg), the water-cement ratio is ; 27 x 1 = 0.54 50. 

Scene 44

Example : If 27 liter of water use to mixing one bag of cement (50kg), the water-cement ratio is ; 27 x 1  = 0.54        50

Aggregate - Cement Ratio. Coarse and fine aggregate should comprise from various size to produce void that is minimum. 01 Cement should be sufficient to fill void in sand. Mixture of sand and cement also should be sufficient to close void in coarse aggregate. 02 excessiveCement and sand are needed to produce mixture with workability that is high. 03. 

Scene 45

Coarse and fine aggregate should comprise from various size  to produce void that is minimum.  01 Cement should be sufficient to fill void in sand. Mixture of sand and cement also should be sufficient to close void in coarse aggregate.  02 excessiveCement and sand are needed to produce mixture with workability that is high. 	 03

Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregate. Coarse aggregate with smooth surface can give good workability but low in bond strength. Example: Smooth aggregate	=	strength of bond Rough aggregate =	strength of bond Meanwhile aggregate with rough surface produce low workability but good in strength bond between aggregate and cement .. 

Scene 46

Coarse aggregate with smooth surface can give good workability but low in bond strength. Example: 	Smooth aggregate	=	strength of bond 			 	Rough aggregate       =	strength of bond    Meanwhile aggregate with rough surface produce low workability but good in strength bond between aggregate and cement .

TYPES OF WORKABILITY TEST. 1. Slump test 2. Compacting Factor Test 3. Ve-be Consistometer 4. Cube Test. 

Scene 47

1. Slump test 2. Compacting Factor Test 3. Ve-be Consistometer 4. Cube Test

Scene 48

Scene 49

Compacting Factor Test. Hopper Same dimensions lm•et Hopper 9mm dia 3mmm high. 

Scene 50

Hopper
Same dimensions
lm•et Hopper
9mm dia
3mmm high

DCC10032 – ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Scene 0

 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Ordinary Portland cement  is the most widely used type of cement, which is suitable for all general concrete construction. It is the most commonly produced and used type of cement around the world, with annual global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters per year.  This cement is suitable for all kinds of concrete construction. 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) Portland pozzolana cement  is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement. It is also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or calcium sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement and fine pozzolana. This cement has a high resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete compared with ordinary  portland  cement, and thus, it is widely used. It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works, and for laying concrete underwater, such as bridges, piers, dams, and mass concrete works, etc.